atop - Online in the Cloud

PROGRAM:

NAME

atop - AT Computing's System & Process Monitor

SYNOPSIS

Interactive usage:

atop [-g|-m|-d|-n|-u|-p|-s|-c|-v|-o] [-C|-M|-D|-N|-A] [-af1x] [-L linelen]
[-Plabel[,label]...] [ interval [ samples ]]

Writing and reading raw logfiles:

atop -w rawfile [-a] [-S] [ interval [ samples ]]
atop -r [ rawfile ] [-b hh:mm ] [-e hh:mm ] [-g|-m|-d|-n|-u|-p|-s|-c|-v|-o]
[-C|-M|-D|-N|-A] [-f1x] [-L linelen] [-Plabel[,label]...]

DESCRIPTION

The program atop is an interactive monitor to view the load on a Linux system. It shows
the occupation of the most critical hardware resources (from a performance point of view)
on system level, i.e. cpu, memory, disk and network.
It also shows which processes are responsible for the indicated load with respect to cpu-
and memory load on process level. Disk load is shown if per process "storage accounting"
is active in the kernel or if the kernel patch `cnt' has been installed. Network load is
only shown per process if the kernel patch `cnt' has been installed.

Every interval (default: 10 seconds) information is shown about the resource occupation on
system level (cpu, memory, disks and network layers), followed by a list of processes
which have been active during the last interval (note that all processes that were
unchanged during the last interval are not shown, unless the key 'a' has been pressed).
If the list of active processes does not entirely fit on the screen, only the top of the
list is shown (sorted in order of activity).
The intervals are repeated till the number of samples (specified as command argument) is
reached, or till the key 'q' is pressed in interactive mode.

When atop is started, it checks whether the standard output channel is connected to a
screen, or to a file/pipe. In the first case it produces screen control codes (via the
ncurses library) and behaves interactively; in the second case it produces flat ASCII-
output.

In interactive mode, the output of atop scales dynamically to the current dimensions of
the screen/window.
If the window is resized horizontally, columns will be added or removed automatically. For
this purpose, every column has a particular weight. The columns with the highest weigths
that fit within the current width will be shown.
If the window is resized vertically, lines of the process-list will be added or removed
automatically.

Furthermore in interactive mode the output of atop can be controlled by pressing
particular keys. However it is also possible to specify such key as flag on the command
line. In the latter case atop will switch to the indicated mode on beforehand; this mode
can be modified again interactively. Specifying such key as flag is especially useful when
running atop with output to a pipe or file (non-interactively). The flags used are the
same as the keys which can be pressed in interactive mode (see section INTERACTIVE
COMMANDS).
Additional flags are available to support storage of atop-data in raw format (see section
RAW DATA STORAGE).

PROCESS ACCOUNTING

When atop is started, it switches on the process accounting mechanism in the kernel. This
forces the kernel to write a record with accounting information to the accounting file
whenever a process ends. Apart from the kernel administration related to the running
processes, atop also interprets the accounting records on disk with every interval; in
this way atop can also show the activity of a process during the interval in which it is
finished.
Whenever the last incarnation of atop stops (either by pressing `q' or by `kill -15'), it
switches off the process accounting mechanism again. You should never terminate atop by
`kill -9', because then it has no chance to stop process accounting; as a result the
accounting file may consume a lot of disk space after a while.

With the environment variable ATOPACCT the name of a specific process accounting file can
be specified (accounting should have been activated on beforehand). When this environment
variable is present but its contents is empty, process accounting will not be used at all.

Notice that root-privileges are required to switch on process accounting in the kernel.
You can start atop as root or specify setuid-root privileges to the executable file. In
the latter case, atop switches on process accounting and immediately drops the root-
privileges again.

COLORS

For the resource consumption on system level, atop uses colors to indicate that a critical
occupation percentage has been (almost) reached. A critical occupation percentage means
that is likely that this load causes a noticable negative performance influence for
applications using this resource. The critical percentage depends on the type of resource:
e.g. the performance influence of a disk with a busy percentage of 80% might be more
noticable for applications/user than a CPU with a busy percentage of 90%.
Currently atop uses the following default values to calculate a weighted percentage per
resource:

Processor
A busy percentage of 90% or higher is considered `critical'.

Disk
A busy percentage of 70% or higher is considered `critical'.

Network
A busy percentage of 90% or higher for the load of an interface is considered
`critical'.

Memory
An occupation percentage of 90% is considered `critical'. Notice that this
occupation percentage is the accumulated memory consumption of the kernel (including
slab) and all processes; the memory for the page cache (`cache' and `buff' in the
MEM-line) is not implied!
If the number of pages swapped out (`swout' in the PAG-line) is larger than 10 per
second, the memory resource is considered `critical'. A value of at least 1 per
second is considered `almost critical'.
If the committed virtual memory exceeds the limit (`vmcom' and `vmlim' in the SWP-
line), the SWP-line is colored due to overcommitting the system.

Swap
An occupation percentage of 80% is considered `critical' because swap space might be
completely exhausted in the near future; it is not critical from a performance point-
of-view.

These default values can be modified in the configuration file (see separate man-page of
atoprc).

When a resource exceeded its critical occupation percentage, the entire screen line is
colored red.
When a resource exceeded (default) 80% of its critical percentage (so it is almost
critical), the entire screen line is colored cyan. This `almost critical percentage' (one
value for all resources) can be modified in the configuration file (see separate man-page
of atoprc).

With the key 'x' (or flag -x), line coloring can be suppressed.

INTERACTIVE COMMANDS

When running atop interactively (no output redirection), keys can be pressed to control
the output. In general, lower case keys can be used to show other information for the
active processes and upper case keys can be used to influence the sort order of the active
process list.

g Show generic output (default).

Per process the following fields are shown in case of a window-width of 80 positions:
process-id, cpu consumption during the last interval in system- and user mode, the
virtual and resident memory growth of the process.
The subsequent columns depend on the used kernel: When the kernel patch `cnt' has
been installed, the number of read- and write transfers on disk, and the number of
received and transmitted network packets are shown for each process. When the kernel
patch is not installed and the kernel supports "storage accounting" (>= 2.6.20), the
data transfer for read/write on disk, the status and exit code are shown for each
process. When the kernel patch is not installed and the kernel does not support
"storage accounting", the username, number of threads in the thread group, the status
and exit code are shown.
The last columns contain the state, the occupation percentage for the choosen
resource (default: cpu) and the process name.

When more than 80 positions are available, other information is added.

m Show memory related output.

Per process the following fields are shown in case of a window-width of 80 positions:
process-id, minor and major memory faults, size of virtual shared text, total virtual
process size, total resident process size, virtual and resident growth during last
interval, memory occupation percentage and process name.

When more than 80 positions are available, other information is added.

d Show disk-related output.

When "storage accounting" is active in the kernel, the following fields are shown:
process-id, amount of data read from disk, amount of data written to disk, amount of
data that was written but has been withdrawn again (WCANCL), disk occupation
percentage and process name.

When the kernel patch `cnt' is installed in the kernel, the following fields are
shown: process-id, number of physical disk reads, average size per read (bytes),
total size for read transfers, physical disk writes, average size per write (bytes),
total size for write transfers, disk occupation percentage and process name.

n Show network related output.

Per process the following fields are shown in case of a window-width of 80 positions:
process-id, number of received TCP packets with the average size per packet (in
bytes), number of sent TCP packets with the average size per packet (in bytes),
number of received UDP packets with the average size per packet (in bytes), number of
sent UDP packets with the average size per packet (in bytes), and received and sent
raw packets (e.g. ICMP) in one column, the network occupation percentage and process
name.
This information can only be shown when kernel patch `cnt' is installed.

When more than 80 positions are available, other information is added.

s Show scheduling characteristics.

Per process the following fields are shown in case of a window-width of 80 positions:
process-id, number of threads in state 'running' (R), number of threads in state
'interruptible sleeping' (S), number of threads in state 'uninterruptible sleeping'
(D), scheduling policy (normal timesharing, realtime round-robin, realtime fifo),
nice value, priority, realtime priority, current processor, status, exit code, state,
the occupation percentage for the choosen resource and the process name.

When more than 80 positions are available, other information is added.

v Show various process characteristics.

Per process the following fields are shown in case of a window-width of 80 positions:
process-id, user name and group, start date and time, status (e.g. exit code if the
process has finished), state, the occupation percentage for the choosen resource and
the process name.

When more than 80 positions are available, other information is added.

c Show the command line of the process.

Per process the following fields are shown: process-id, the occupation percentage for
the choosen resource and the command line including arguments.

o Show the user-defined line of the process.

In the configuration file the keyword ownprocline can be specified with the
description of a user-defined output-line.
Refer to the man-page of atoprc for a detailed description.

u Show the process activity accumulated per user.

Per user the following fields are shown: number of processes active or terminated
during last interval (or in total if combined with command `a'), accumulated cpu
consumption during last interval in system- and user mode, the current virtual and
resident memory space consumed by active processes (or all processes of the user if
combined with command `a').
When the kernel patch `cnt' has been installed or "storage accounting" is active, the
accumulated read- and write throughput on disk is shown. When the kernel patch `cnt'
has been installed, the number of received and sent network packets are shown.
The last columns contain the accumulated occupation percentage for the choosen
resource (default: cpu) and the user name.

p Show the process activity accumulated per program (i.e. process name).

Per program the following fields are shown: number of processes active or terminated
during last interval (or in total if combined with command `a'), accumulated cpu
consumption during last interval in system- and user mode, the current virtual and
resident memory space consumed by active processes (or all processes of the user if
combined with command `a').
When the kernel patch `cnt' has been installed or "storage accounting" is active, the
accumulated read- and write throughput on disk is shown. When the kernel patch `cnt'
has been installed, the number of received and sent network packets are shown.
The last columns contain the accumulated occupation percentage for the choosen
resource (default: cpu) and the program name.

C Sort the current list in the order of cpu consumption (default). The one-but-last
column changes to ``CPU''.

M Sort the current list in the order of resident memory consumption. The one-but-last
column changes to ``MEM''.

D Sort the current list in the order of disk accesses issued. The one-but-last column
changes to ``DSK''.

N Sort the current list in the order of network packets received/transmitted. The one-
but-last column changes to ``NET''.

A Sort the current list automatically in the order of the most busy system resource
during this interval. The one-but-last column shows either ``ACPU'', ``AMEM'',
``ADSK'' or ``ANET'' (the preceding 'A' indicates automatic sorting-order). The most
busy resource is determined by comparing the weighted busy-percentages of the system
resources, as described earlier in the section COLORS.
This option remains valid until another sorting-order is explicitly selected again.
A sorting-order for disk is only possible when the kernel patch `cnt' is installed or
"storage accounting" is active. A sorting-order for network is only possible when
the kernel patch `cnt' is installed.

Miscellaneous interactive commands:

? Request for help information (also the key 'h' can be pressed).

V Request for version information (version number and date).

x Suppress colors to highlight critical resources (toggle).
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header line.

z The pause key can be used to freeze the current situation in order to investigate the
output on the screen. While atop is paused, the keys described above can be pressed
to show other information about the current list of processes. Whenever the pause
key is pressed again, atop will continue with a next sample.

i Modify the interval timer (default: 10 seconds). If an interval timer of 0 is
entered, the interval timer is switched off. In that case a new sample can only be
triggered manually by pressing the key 't'.

t Trigger a new sample manually. This key can be pressed if the current sample should
be finished before the timer has exceeded, or if no timer is set at all (interval
timer defined as 0). In the latter case atop can be used as a stopwatch to measure
the load being caused by a particular application transaction, without knowing on
beforehand how many seconds this transaction will last.

When viewing the contents of a raw file, this key can be used to show the next sample
from the file.

T When viewing the contents of a raw file, this key can be used to show the previous
sample from the file.

b When viewing the contents of a raw file, this key can be used to branch to a certain
timestamp within the file (either forward or backward).

r Reset all counters to zero to see the system and process activity since boot again.

When viewing the contents of a raw file, this key can be used to rewind to the
beginning of the file again.

U Specify a search string for specific user names as a regular expression. From now
on, only (active) processes will be shown from a user which matches the regular
expression. The system statistics are still system wide. If the Enter-key is
pressed without specifying a name, active processes of all users will be shown again.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header line.

P Specify a search string for specific process names as a regular expression. From now
on, only processes will be shown with a name which matches the regular expression.
The system statistics are still system wide. If the Enter-key is pressed without
specifying a name, all active processes will be shown again.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header line.

a The `all/active' key can be used to toggle between only showing/accumulating the
processes that were active during the last interval (default) or showing/accumulating
all processes.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header line.

f Fixate the number of lines for system resources (toggle). By default only the lines
are shown about system resources (cpu, paging, disk, network) that really have been
active during the last interval. With this key you can force atop to show lines of
inactive resources as well.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header line.

1 Show relevant counters as an average per second (in the format `..../s') instead of
as a total during the interval (toggle).
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header line.

l Limit the number of system level lines for the counters per-cpu, the active disks and
the network interfaces. By default lines are shown of all cpu's, disks and network
interfaces which have been active during the last interval. Limiting these lines can
be useful on systems with huge number cpu's, disks or interfaces in order to be able
to run atop on a screen/window with e.g. only 24 lines.
For all mentioned resources the maximum number of lines can be specified
interactively. When using the flag -l the maximum number of per-cpu lines is set to
0, the maximum number of disk lines to 5 and the maximum number of interface lines to
3. These values can be modified again in interactive mode.

k Send a signal to an active process (a.k.a. kill a process).

q Quit the program.

^F Show the next page of the process list (forward).

^B Show the previous page of the process list (backward).

^L Redraw the screen.

RAW DATA STORAGE

In order to store system- and process level statistics for long-term analysis (e.g. to
check the system load and the active processes running yesterday between 3:00 and 4:00
PM), atop can store the system- and process level statistics in compressed binary format
in a raw file with the flag -w followed by the filename. If this file already exists and
is recognized as a raw data file, atop will append new samples to the file (starting with
a sample which reflects the activity since boot); if the file does not exist, it will be
created.
By default only processes which have been active during the interval are stored in the raw
file. When the flag -a is specified, all processes will be stored.
The interval (default: 10 seconds) and number of samples (default: infinite) can be passed
as last arguments. Instead of the number of samples, the flag -S can be used to indicate
that atop should finish anyhow before midnight.

A raw file can be read and visualized again with the flag -r followed by the filename. If
no filename is specified, the file /var/log/atop/atop_YYYYMMDD is opened for input (where
YYYYMMDD are digits representing the current date). If a filename is specified in the
format YYYYMMDD (representing any valid date), the file /var/log/atop/atop_YYYYMMDD is
opened. If a filename with the symbolic name y is specified, yesterday's daily logfile is
opened (this can be repeated so 'yyyy' indicates the logfile of four days ago).
The samples from the file can be viewed interactively by using the key 't' to show the
next sample, the key 'T' to show the previous sample, the key 'b' to branch to a
particular time or the key 'r' to rewind to the begin of the file.
When output is redirected to a file or pipe, atop prints all samples in plain ASCII. The
default line length is 80 characters in that case; with the flag -L followed by an
alternate line length, more (or less) columns will be shown.
With the flag -b (begin time) and/or -e (end time) followed by a time argument of the form
HH:MM, a certain time period within the raw file can be selected.

When atop is installed, the script atop.daily is stored in the /etc/atop directory. This
scripts takes care that atop is activated every day at midnight to write compressed binary
data to the file /var/log/atop/atop_YYYYMMDD with an interval of 10 minutes.
Furthermore the script removes all raw files which are older than four weeks.
The script is activated via the cron daemon using the file /etc/cron.d/atop with the
contents
0 0 * * * root /etc/atop/atop.daily

When the RPM `psacct' is installed, the process accounting is automatically restarted via
the logrotate mechanism. The file /etc/logrotate.d/psaccs_atop takes care that atop is
finished just before the rotation of the process accounting file and the file
/etc/logrotate.d/psaccu_atop takes care that atop is restarted again after the rotation.
When the RPM `psacct' is not installed, these logrotate-files have no effect.

OUTPUT DESCRIPTION

The first sample shows the system level activity since boot (the elapsed time in the
header shows the time since boot). Note that particular counters could have reached their
maximum value (several times) and started by zero again, so do not rely on these figures.

For every sample atop first shows the lines related to system level activity. If a
particular system resource has not been used during the interval, the entire line related
to this resource is suppressed. So the number of system level lines may vary for each
sample.
After that a list is shown of processes which have been active during the last interval.
This list is by default sorted on cpu consumption, but this order can be changed by the
keys which are previously described.

If values have to be shown by atop which do not fit in the column width, another notation
is used. If e.g. a cpu-consumption of 233216 milliseconds should be shown in a column
width of 4 positions, it is shown as `233s' (in seconds). For large memory figures,
another unit is chosen if the value does not fit (Mb instead of Kb, Gb instead of Mb).
For other values, a kind of exponent notation is used (value 123456789 shown in a column
of 5 positions gives 123e6).

OUTPUT DESCRIPTION - SYSTEM LEVEL

The system level information consists of the following output lines:

PRC Process level totals.
This line contains the total cpu time consumed in system mode (`sys') and in user
mode (`user'), the total number of processes present at this moment (`#proc'), the
total number of threads present at this moment in state `running' (`#trun'),
`sleeping interruptible' (`#tslpi') and `sleeping uninterruptible' (`#tslpu'), the
number of zombie processes (`#zombie'), the number of clone system calls (`clones'),
and the number of processes that ended during the interval (`#exit', which shows `?'
if process accounting is not used).
If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters, only a relevant subset is
shown.

CPU CPU utilization.
At least one line is shown for the total occupation of all CPU's together.
In case of a multi-processor system, an additional line is shown for every individual
processor (with `cpu' in lower case), sorted on activity. Inactive cpu's will not be
shown by default. The lines showing the per-cpu occupation contain the cpu number in
the last field.

Every line contains the percentage of cpu time spent in kernel mode by all active
processes (`sys'), the percentage of cpu time consumed in user mode (`user') for all
active processes (including processes running with a nice value larger than zero),
the percentage of cpu time spent for interrupt handling (`irq') including softirq,
the percentage of unused cpu time while no processes were waiting for disk-I/O
(`idle'), and the percentage of unused cpu time while at least one process was
waiting for disk-I/O (`wait').
In case of per-cpu occupation, the last column shows the cpu number and the wait
percentage (`w') for that cpu. The number of lines showing the per-cpu occupation
can be limited.

For virtual machines the steal-percentage is shown (`steal'), reflecting the
percentage of cpu time stolen by other virtual machines running on the same hardware.
For physical machines hosting one or more virtual machines, the guest-percentage is
shown (`guest'), reflecting the percentage of cpu time used by the virtual machines.

In case of frequency-scaling, all previously mentioned CPU-percentages are relative
to the used scaling of the CPU during the interval. If e.g. a CPU has been active
for 50% in user mode during the interval while the frequency-scaling of that was 40%,
then only 20% of the full capacity of the CPU has been used in user mode.
In case that the kernel module `cpufreq_stats' is active (after issueing `modprobe
cpufreq_stats'), the average frequency (`avgf') and the average scaling percentage
(`avgscal') is shown. Otherwise the current frequency (`curf') and the current
scaling percentage (`curscal') is shown at the moment that the sample is taken.

If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters, only a relevant subset is
shown.

CPL CPU load information.
This line contains the load average figures reflecting the number of threads that are
available to run on a CPU (i.e. part of the runqueue) or that are waiting for disk
I/O. These figures are averaged over 1 (`avg1'), 5 (`avg5') and 15 (`avg15') minutes.
Furthermore the number of context switches (`csw'), the number of serviced interrupts
(`intr') and the number of available cpu's are shown.

If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters, only a relevant subset is
shown.

MEM Memory occupation.
This line contains the total amount of physical memory (`tot'), the amount of memory
which is currently free (`free'), the amount of memory in use as page cache
(`cache'), the amount of memory within the page cache that has to be flushed to disk
(`dirty'), the amount of memory used for filesystem meta data (`buff') and the amount
of memory being used for kernel malloc's (`slab' - always 0 for kernel 2.4).

If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters, only a relevant subset is
shown.

SWP Swap occupation and overcommit info.
This line contains the total amount of swap space on disk (`tot') and the amount of
free swap space (`free').
Furthermore the committed virtual memory space (`vmcom') and the maximum limit of the
committed space (`vmlim', which is by default swap size plus 50% of memory size) is
shown. The committed space is the reserved virtual space for all allocations of
private memory space for processes. The kernel only verifies whether the committed
space exceeds the limit if strict overcommit handling is configured
(vm.overcommit_memory is 2).

PAG Paging frequency.
This line contains the number of scanned pages (`scan') due to the fact that free
memory drops below a particular threshold and the number times that the kernel tries
to reclaim pages due to an urgent need (`stall').
Also the number of memory pages the system read from swap space (`swin') and the
number of memory pages the system wrote to swap space (`swout') are shown.

LVM/MDD/DSK
Logical volume/multiple device/disk utilization.
Per active unit one line is produced, sorted on unit activity. Such line shows the
name (e.g. VolGroup00-lvtmp for a logical volume or sda for a hard disk), the busy
percentage i.e. the portion of time that the unit was busy handling requests
(`busy'), the number of read requests issued (`read'), the number of write requests
issued (`write'), the number of KiBytes per read (`KiB/r'), the number of KiBytes per
write (`KiB/w'), the number of MiBytes per second throughput for reads (`MBr/s'), the
number of MiBytes per second throughput for writes (`MBw/s'), the average queue depth
(`avq') and the average number of milliseconds needed by a request (`avio') for seek,
latency and data transfer.
If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters, only a relevant subset is
shown.

The number of lines showing the units can be limited per class (LVM, MDD or DSK) with
the 'l' key or statically (see separate man-page of atoprc). By specifying the value
0 for a particular class, no lines will be shown any more for that class.

NET Network utilization (TCP/IP).
One line is shown for activity of the transport layer (TCP and UDP), one line for the
IP layer and one line per active interface.
For the transport layer, counters are shown concerning the number of received TCP
segments including those received in error (`tcpi'), the number of transmitted TCP
segments excluding those containing only retransmitted octets (`tcpo'), the number of
UDP datagrams received (`udpi'), the number of UDP datagrams transmitted (`udpo'),
the number of active TCP opens (`tcpao'), the number of passive TCP opens (`tcppo'),
the number of TCP output retransmissions (`tcprs'), the number of TCP input errors
(`tcpie'), the number of TCP output resets (`tcpie'), the number of TCP output
retransmissions (`tcpor'), the number of UDP no ports (`udpnp'), and the number of
UDP input errors (`tcpie').
If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters, only a relevant subset is
shown.
These counters are related to IPv4 and IPv6 combined.

For the IP layer, counters are shown concerning the number of IP datagrams received
from interfaces, including those received in error (`ipi'), the number of IP
datagrams that local higher-layer protocols offered for transmission (`ipo'), the
number of received IP datagrams which were forwarded to other interfaces (`ipfrw'),
the number of IP datagrams which were delivered to local higher-layer protocols
(`deliv'), the number of received ICMP datagrams (`icmpi'), and the number of
transmitted ICMP datagrams (`icmpo').
If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters, only a relevant subset is
shown.
These counters are related to IPv4 and IPv6 combined.

For every active network interface one line is shown, sorted on the interface
activity. Such line shows the name of the interface and its busy percentage in the
first column. The busy percentage for half duplex is determined by comparing the
interface speed with the number of bits transmitted and received per second; for full
duplex the interface speed is compared with the highest of either the transmitted or
the received bits. When the interface speed can not be determined (e.g. for the
loopback interface), `---' is shown instead of the percentage.
Furthermore the number of received packets (`pcki'), the number of transmitted
packets (`pcko'), the effective amount of bits received per second (`si'), the
effective amount of bits transmitted per second (`so'), the number of collisions
(`coll'), the number of received multicast packets (`mlti'), the number of errors
while receiving a packet (`erri'), the number of errors while transmitting a packet
(`erro'), the number of received packets dropped (`drpi'), and the number of
transmitted packets dropped (`drpo').
If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters, only a relevant subset is
shown.
The number of lines showing the network interfaces can be limited.

OUTPUT DESCRIPTION - PROCESS LEVEL

Following the system level information, the processes are shown from which the resource
utilization has changed during the last interval. These processes might have used cpu time
or issued disk- or network requests. However a process is also shown if part of it has
been paged out due to lack of memory (while the process itself was in sleep state).

Per process the following fields may be shown (in alphabetical order), depending on the
current output mode as described in the section INTERACTIVE COMMANDS and depending on the
current width of your window:

AVGRSZ The average size of one read-action on disk.

AVGWSZ The average size of one write-action on disk.

CMD The name of the process. This name can be surrounded by "less/greater than"
signs (`<name>') which means that the process has finished during the last
interval.
Behind the abbreviation `CMD' in the header line, the current page number and the
total number of pages of the process list are shown.

COMMAND-LINE
The full command line of the process (including arguments), which is limited to
the length of the screen line. Th command line can be surrounded by
"less/greater than" signs (`<line>') which means that the process has finished
during the last interval.
Behind the verb `COMMAND-LINE' in the header line, the current page number and
the total number of pages of the process list are shown.

CPU The occupation percentage of this process related to the available capacity for
this resource on system level.

CPUNR The identification of the CPU the main thread of the process is running on or has
recently been running on.

DSK The occupation percentage of this process related to the total load that is
produced by all processes (i.e. total disk accesses by all processes during the
last interval).
This information is shown when per process "storage accounting" is active in the
kernel or when the kernel patch `cnt' has been installed.

EGID Effective group-id under which this process executes.

ENDATE Date that the process has been finished. If the process is still running, this
field shows `active'.

ENTIME Time that the process has been finished. If the process is still running, this
field shows `active'.

EUID Effective user-id under which this process executes.

EXC The exit code of a terminated process (second position of column `ST' is E) or
the fatal signal number (second position of column `ST' is S or C).

FSGID Filesystem group-id under which this process executes.

FSUID Filesystem user-id under which this process executes.

MAJFLT The number of page faults issued by this process that have been solved by
creating/loading the requested memory page.

MEM The occupation percentage of this process related to the available capacity for
this resource on system level.

MINFLT The number of page faults issued by this process that have been solved by
reclaiming the requested memory page from the free list of pages.

NET The occupation percentage of this process related to the total load that is
produced by all processes (i.e. network packets transferred by all processes
during the last interval).
This information can only be shown when kernel patch `cnt' is installed.

NICE The more or less static priority that can be given to a proces on a scale from
-20 (high priority) to +19 (low priority).

NPROCS The number of active and terminated processes accumulated for this user or
program.

PID Process-id. If a process has been started and finished during the last interval,
a `?' is shown because the process-id is not part of the standard process
accounting record. However when the kernel patch `acct' is installed, this value
will be shown properly.

POLI The policies 'norm' (normal, which is SCHED_OTHER), 'btch' (batch) and 'idle'
refer to timesharing processes. The policies 'fifo' (SCHED_FIFO) and 'rr' (round
robin, which is SCHED_RR) refer to realtime processes.

PPID Parent process-id. If a process has been started and finished during the last
interval, value 0 is shown because the parent process-id is not part of the
standard process accounting record. However when the kernel patch `acct' is
installed, this value will be shown properly.

PRI The process' priority ranges from 0 (highest priority) to 139 (lowest priority).
Priority 0 to 99 are used for realtime processes (fixed priority independent of
their behavior) and priority 100 to 139 for timesharing processes (variable
priority depending on their recent CPU consumption and the nice value).

RAWRCV The number of raw datagrams received by this process. This information can only
be shown when kernel patch `cnt' is installed.
If a process has finished during the last interval, no value is shown since
network counters are not registered in the standard process accounting record.
However when the kernel patch `acct' is installed, this value will be shown.

RAWSND The number of raw datagrams sent by this process. This information can only be
shown when kernel patch `cnt' is installed.
If a process has finished during the last interval, no value is shown since
network counters are not registered in the standard process accounting record.
However when the kernel patch `acct' is installed, this value will be shown.

RDDSK When the kernel maintains standard io statistics (>= 2.6.20):
The read data transfer issued physically on disk (so reading from the disk cache
is not accounted for).

When the kernel patch `cnt' is installed:
The number of read accesses issued physically on disk (so reading from the disk
cache is not accounted for).

RGID The real group-id under which the process executes.

RGROW The amount of resident memory that the process has grown during the last
interval. A resident growth can be caused by touching memory pages which were not
physically created/loaded before (load-on-demand). Note that a resident growth
can also be negative e.g. when part of the process is paged out due to lack of
memory or when the process frees dynamically allocated memory. For a process
which started during the last interval, the resident growth reflects the total
resident size of the process at that moment.
If a process has finished during the last interval, no value is shown since
resident memory occupation is not part of the standard process accounting record.
However when the kernel patch `acct' is installed, this value will be shown.

RNET The number of TCP- and UDP packets received by this process. This information
can only be shown when kernel patch `cnt' is installed.
If a process has finished during the last interval, no value is shown since
network counters are not part of the standard process accounting record. However
when the kernel patch `acct' is installed, this value will be shown.

RSIZE The total resident memory usage consumed by this process (or user).
If a process has finished during the last interval, no value is shown since
resident memory occupation is not part of the standard process accounting record.
However when the kernel patch `acct' is installed, this value will be shown.

RTPR Realtime priority according the POSIX standard. Value can be 0 for a timesharing
process (policy 'norm', 'btch' or 'idle') or ranges from 1 (lowest) till 99
(highest) for a realtime process (policy 'rr' or 'fifo').

RUID The real user-id under which the process executes.

S The current state of the main thread of the process: `R' for running (currently
processing or in the runqueue), `S' for sleeping interruptible (wait for an event
to occur), `D' for sleeping non-interruptible, `Z' for zombie (waiting to be
synchronized with its parent process), `T' for stopped (suspended or traced), `W'
for swapping, and `E' (exit) for processes which have finished during the last
interval.

SGID The saved group-id of the process.

SNET The number of TCP- and UDP packets transmitted by this process. This information
can only be shown when kernel patch `cnt' is installed.
If a process has finished during the last interval, no value is shown since
network-counters are not part of the standard process accounting record. However
when the kernel patch `acct' is installed, this value will be shown.

ST The status of a process.
The first position indicates if the process has been started during the last
interval (the value N means 'new process').

The second position indicates if the process has been finished during the last
interval.
The value E means 'exit' on the process' own initiative; the exit code is
displayed in the column `EXC'.
The value S means that the process has been terminated unvoluntarily by a signal;
the signal number is displayed in the in the column `EXC'.
The value C means that the process has been terminated unvoluntarily by a signal,
producing a core dump in its current directory; the signal number is displayed in
the column `EXC'.

STDATE The start date of the process.

STTIME The start time of the process.

SUID The saved user-id of the process.

SYSCPU CPU time consumption of this process in system mode (kernel mode), usually due to
system call handling.

TCPRASZ The average size of a received TCP buffer in bytes (by the process). This
information can only be shown when kernel patch `cnt' is installed. When the
kernel patch `acct' is installed as well, this value will also be shown when a
process has finished during the last interval.

TCPRCV The number of receive requests issued by this process for TCP sockets. This
information can only be shown when kernel patch `cnt' is installed. When the
kernel patch `acct' is installed as well, this value will also be shown when a
process has finished during the last interval.

TCPSASZ The average size of a transmitted TCP buffer in bytes (by the process). This
information can only be shown when kernel patch `cnt' is installed. When the
kernel patch `acct' is installed as well, this value will also be shown when a
process has finished during the last interval.

TCPSND The number of send requests issued by this process for TCP sockets, and the
average size per transfer in bytes. This information can only be shown when
kernel patch `cnt' is installed. When the kernel patch `acct' is installed as
well, this value will also be shown when a process has finished during the last
interval.

THR Total number of threads within this process. All related threads are contained
in a thread group, represented by atop as one line.

On Linux 2.4 systems it is hardly possible to determine which threads (i.e.
processes) are related to the same thread group. Every thread is represented by
atop as a separate line.

TOTRSZ The total amount of data physically read from disk. This information can only be
shown when kernel patch `cnt' is installed.

TOTWSZ The total amount of data physically written to disk. This information can only
be shown when kernel patch `cnt' is installed.

TRUN Number of threads within this process that are in the state 'running' (R).

TSLPI Number of threads within this process that are in the state 'interruptible
sleeping' (S).

TSLPU Number of threads within this process that are in the state 'uninterruptible
sleeping' (D).

UDPRASZ The average size of a received UDP packet in bytes. This information can only be
shown when kernel patch `cnt' is installed. When the kernel patch `acct' is
installed as well, this value will also be shown when a process has finished
during the last interval.

UDPRCV The number of receive requests issued by this process for UDP sockets. This
information can only be shown when kernel patch `cnt' is installed. When the
kernel patch `acct' is installed as well, this value will also be shown when a
process has finished during the last interval.

UDPSASZ The average size of a transmitted UDP packets in bytes. This information can
only be shown when kernel patch `cnt' is installed. When the kernel patch `acct'
is installed as well, this value will also be shown when a process has finished
during the last interval.

UDPSND The number of send requests issued by this process for TCP sockets, and the
average size per transfer in bytes. This information can only be shown when
kernel patch `cnt' is installed. When the kernel patch `acct' is installed as
well, this value will also be shown when a process has finished during the last
interval.

USRCPU CPU time consumption of this process in user mode, due to processing the own
program text.

VGROW The amount of virtual memory that the process has grown during the last interval.
A virtual growth can be caused by e.g. issueing a malloc() or attaching a shared
memory segment. Note that a virtual growth can also be negative by e.g. issueing
a free() or detaching a shared memory segment. For a process which started
during the last interval, the virtual growth reflects the total virtual size of
the process at that moment.
If a process has finished during the last interval, no value is shown since
virtual memory occupation is not part of the standard process accounting record.
However when the kernel patch `acct' is installed, this value will be shown.

VSIZE The total virtual memory usage consumed by this process (or user).
If a process has finished during the last interval, no value is shown since
virtual memory occupation is not part of the standard process accounting record.
However when the kernel patch `acct' is installed, this value will be shown.

VSTEXT The virtual memory size used by the shared text of this process.

WRDSK When the kernel maintains standard io statistics (>= 2.6.20):
The write data transfer issued physically on disk (so writing to the disk cache
is not accounted for). This counter is maintained for the application process
that writes its data to the cache (assuming that this data is physically
transferred to disk later on). Notice that disk I/O needed for swapping is not
taken into account.

When the kernel patch `cnt' is installed:
The number of write accesses issued physically on disk (so writing to the disk
cache is not accounted for). Usually application processes just transfer their
data to the cache, while the physical write accesses are done later on by kernel
daemons like pdflush. Note that the number read- and write accesses are not
separately maintained in the standard process accounting record. This means that
only one value is given for read's and write's in case a process has finished
during the last interval. However when the kernel patch `acct' is installed,
these values will be shown separately.

WCANCL When the kernel patch `cnt' is not installed, but the kernel maintains standard
io statistics (>= 2.6.20):
The write data transfer previously accounted for this process or another process
that has been cancelled. Suppose that a process writes new data to a file and
that data is removed again before the cache buffers have been flushed to disk.
Then the original process shows the written data as WRDSK, while the process that
removes/truncates the file shows the unflushed removed data as WCANCL.

PARSEABLE OUTPUT

With the flag -P followed by a list of one or more labels (comma-separated), parseable
output is produced for each sample. The labels that can be specified for system-level
statistics correspond to the labels (first verb of each line) that can be found in the
interactive output: "CPU", "cpu" "CPL" "MEM", "SWP", "PAG", "LVM", "MDD", "DSK" and "NET".
For process-level statistics special labels are introduced: "PRG" (general), "PRC" (cpu),
"PRM" (memory), "PRD" (disk, only if the kernel-patch has been installed) and "PRN"
(network, only if the kernel-patch has been installed).
With the label "ALL", all system- and process-level statistics are shown.

For every interval all requested lines are shown whereafter atop shows a line just
containing the label "SEP" as a separator before the lines for the next sample are
generated.
When a sample contains the values since boot, atop shows a line just containing the label
"RESET" before the lines for this sample are generated.

The first part of each output-line consists of the following six fields: label (the name
of the label), host (the name of this machine), epoch (the time of this interval as number
of seconds since 1-1-1970), date (date of this interval in format YYYY/MM/DD), time (time
of this interval in format HH:MM:SS), and interval (number of seconds elapsed for this
interval).

The subsequent fields of each output-line depend on the label:

CPU Subsequent fields: total number of clock-ticks per second for this machine,
number of processors, consumption for all CPU's in system mode (clock-ticks),
consumption for all CPU's in user mode (clock-ticks), consumption for all CPU's
in user mode for niced processes (clock-ticks), consumption for all CPU's in idle
mode (clock-ticks), consumption for all CPU's in wait mode (clock-ticks),
consumption for all CPU's in irq mode (clock-ticks), consumption for all CPU's in
softirq mode (clock-ticks), consumption for all CPU's in steal mode (clock-
ticks), and consumption for all CPU's in guest mode (clock-ticks).

cpu Subsequent fields: total number of clock-ticks per second for this machine,
processor-number, consumption for this CPU in system mode (clock-ticks),
consumption for this CPU in user mode (clock-ticks), consumption for this CPU in
user mode for niced processes (clock-ticks), consumption for this CPU in idle
mode (clock-ticks), consumption for this CPU in wait mode (clock-ticks),
consumption for this CPU in irq mode (clock-ticks), consumption for this CPU in
softirq mode (clock-ticks), consumption for this CPU in steal mode (clock-ticks),
and consumption for this CPU in guest mode (clock-ticks).

CPL Subsequent fields: number of processors, load average for last minute, load
average for last five minutes, load average for last fifteen minutes, number of
context-switches, and number of device interrupts.

MEM Subsequent fields: page size for this machine (in bytes), size of physical memory
(pages), size of free memory (pages), size of page cache (pages), size of buffer
cache (pages), size of slab (pages), and number of dirty pages in cache.

SWP Subsequent fields: page size for this machine (in bytes), size of swap (pages),
size of free swap (pages), 0 (future use), size of committed space (pages), and
limit for committed space (pages).

PAG Subsequent fields: page size for this machine (in bytes), number of page scans,
number of allocstalls, 0 (future use), number of swapins, and number of swapouts.

LVM/MDD/DSK
For every logical volume/multiple device/hard disk one line is shown.
Subsequent fields: name, number of milliseconds spent for I/O, number of reads
issued, number of sectors transferred for reads, number of writes issued, and
number of sectors transferred for write.

NET First one line is produced for the upper layers of the TCP/IP stack.
Subsequent fields: the verb "upper", number of packets received by TCP, number of
packets transmitted by TCP, number of packets received by UDP, number of packets
transmitted by UDP, number of packets received by IP, number of packets
transmitted by IP, number of packets delivered to higher layers by IP, and number
of packets forwarded by IP.

Next one line is shown for every interface.
Subsequent fields: name of the interface, number of packets received by the
interface, number of bytes received by the interface, number of packets
transmitted by the interface, number of bytes transmitted by the interface,
interface speed, and duplex mode (0=half, 1=full).

PRG For every process one line is shown.
Subsequent fields: PID, name (between brackets), state, real uid, real gid, TGID
(same as PID), total number of threads, exit code, start time (epoch), full
command line (between brackets), PPID, number of threads in state 'running' (R),
number of threads in state 'interruptible sleeping' (S), number of threads in
state 'uninterruptible sleeping' (D), effective uid, effective gid, saved uid,
saved gid, filesystem uid, filesystem gid, and elapsed time (hertz).

PRC For every process one line is shown.
Subsequent fields: PID, name (between brackets), state, total number of clock-
ticks per second for this machine, CPU-consumption in user mode (clockticks),
CPU-consumption in system mode (clockticks), nice value, priority, realtime
priority, scheduling policy, current CPU, and sleep average.

PRM For every process one line is shown.
Subsequent fields: PID, name (between brackets), state, page size for this
machine (in bytes), virtual memory size (Kbytes), resident memory size (Kbytes),
shared text memory size (Kbytes), virtual memory growth (Kbytes), resident memory
growth (Kbytes), number of minor page faults, and number of major page faults.

PRD For every process one line is shown.
Subsequent fields: PID, name (between brackets), state, kernel-patch installed
('y' or 'n'), standard io statistics used ('y' or 'n'), number of reads on disk,
cumulative number of sectors read, number of writes on disk, cumulative number of
sectors written, and cancelled number of written sectors.
If the kernel patch is not installed and the standard I/O statistics (>= 2.6.20)
are not used, the disk I/O counters per process are not relevant. When the
kernel patch is installed, the counter 'cancelled number of written sectors' is
not relevant. When only the standard io statistics are used, the counters
'number of reads on disk' and 'number of writes on disk' are not relevant.

PRN For every process one line is shown.
Subsequent fields: PID, name (between brackets), state, kernel-patch installed
('y' or 'n'), number of TCP-packets transmitted, cumulative size of TCP-packets
transmitted, number of TCP-packets received, cumulative size of TCP-packets
received, number of UDP-packets transmitted, cumulative size of UDP-packets
transmitted, number of UDP-packets received, cumulative size of UDP-packets
transmitted, number of raw packets transmitted, and number of raw packets
received.
If the kernel patch is not installed, the network I/O counters per process are
not relevant.

EXAMPLES

To monitor the current system load interactively with an interval of 5 seconds:

atop 5

To monitor the system load and write it to a file (in plain ASCII) with an interval of one
minute during half an hour with active processes sorted on memory consumption:

atop -M 60 30 > /log/atop.mem

Store information about the system- and process activity in binary compressed form to a
file with an interval of ten minutes during an hour:

atop -w /tmp/atop.raw 600 6

View the contents of this file interactively:

atop -r /tmp/atop.raw

View the processor- and disk-utilization of this file in parseable format:

atop -PCPU,DSK -r /tmp/atop.raw

View the contents of today's standard logfile interactively:

atop -r

View the contents of the standard logfile of the day before yesterday interactively:

atop -r yy

View the contents of the standard logfile of 2010, January 7 from 02:00 PM onwards
interactively:

atop -r 20100107 -b 14:00

Use atop online using onworks.net services