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PROGRAM:

NAME

c99 — compile standard C programs

SYNOPSIS

c99 [options...] pathname [[pathname] [−I directory]
[−L directory] [−l library]]...

DESCRIPTION

The c99 utility is an interface to the standard C compilation system; it shall accept
source code conforming to the ISO C standard. The system conceptually consists of a
compiler and link editor. The input files referenced by pathname operands and −l option-
arguments shall be compiled and linked to produce an executable file. (It is unspecified
whether the linking occurs entirely within the operation of c99; some implementations may
produce objects that are not fully resolved until the file is executed.)

If the −c option is specified, for all pathname operands of the form file.c, the files:

$(basename pathname .c).o

shall be created as the result of successful compilation. If the −c option is not
specified, it is unspecified whether such .o files are created or deleted for the file.c
operands.

If there are no options that prevent link editing (such as −c or −E), and all input files
compile and link without error, the resulting executable file shall be written according
to the −o outfile option (if present) or to the file a.out.

The executable file shall be created as specified in Section 1.1.1.4, File Read, Write,
and Creation, except that the file permission bits shall be set to: S_IRWXO | S_IRWXG |
S_IRWXU

and the bits specified by the umask of the process shall be cleared.

OPTIONS

The c99 utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section
12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines, except that:

* Options can be interspersed with operands.

* The order of specifying the −L and −l options, and the order of specifying −l options
with respect to pathname operands is significant.

* Conforming applications shall specify each option separately; that is, grouping option
letters (for example, −cO) need not be recognized by all implementations.

The following options shall be supported:

−c Suppress the link-edit phase of the compilation, and do not remove any object
files that are produced.

−D name[=value]
Define name as if by a C-language #define directive. If no =value is given, a
value of 1 shall be used. The −D option has lower precedence than the −U option.
That is, if name is used in both a −U and a −D option, name shall be undefined
regardless of the order of the options. Additional implementation-defined names
may be provided by the compiler. Implementations shall support at least 2048
bytes of −D definitions and 256 names.

−E Copy C-language source files to standard output, expanding all preprocessor
directives; no compilation shall be performed. If any operand is not a text
file, the effects are unspecified.

−g Produce symbolic information in the object or executable files; the nature of
this information is unspecified, and may be modified by implementation-defined
interactions with other options.

−I directory
Change the algorithm for searching for headers whose names are not absolute
pathnames to look in the directory named by the directory pathname before
looking in the usual places. Thus, headers whose names are enclosed in double-
quotes ("") shall be searched for first in the directory of the file with the
#include line, then in directories named in −I options, and last in the usual
places. For headers whose names are enclosed in angle brackets ("<>"), the
header shall be searched for only in directories named in −I options and then in
the usual places. Directories named in −I options shall be searched in the order
specified. If the −I option is used to specify a directory that is one of the
usual places searched by default, the results are unspecified. Implementations
shall support at least ten instances of this option in a single c99 command
invocation.

−L directory
Change the algorithm of searching for the libraries named in the −l objects to
look in the directory named by the directory pathname before looking in the
usual places. Directories named in −L options shall be searched in the order
specified. If the −L option is used to specify a directory that is one of the
usual places searched by default, the results are unspecified. Implementations
shall support at least ten instances of this option in a single c99 command
invocation. If a directory specified by a −L option contains files with names
starting with any of the strings "libc.", "libl.", "libpthread.", "libm.",
"librt.", "libtrace.", "libxnet.", or "liby.", the results are unspecified.

−l library
Search the library named liblibrary.a. A library shall be searched when its
name is encountered, so the placement of a −l option is significant. Several
standard libraries can be specified in this manner, as described in the EXTENDED
DESCRIPTION section. Implementations may recognize implementation-defined
suffixes other than .a as denoting libraries.

−O optlevel
Specify the level of code optimization. If the optlevel option-argument is the
digit '0', all special code optimizations shall be disabled. If it is the digit
'1', the nature of the optimization is unspecified. If the −O option is omitted,
the nature of the system's default optimization is unspecified. It is
unspecified whether code generated in the presence of the −O 0 option is the
same as that generated when −O is omitted. Other optlevel values may be
supported.

−o outfile
Use the pathname outfile, instead of the default a.out, for the executable file
produced. If the −o option is present with −c or −E, the result is unspecified.

−s Produce object or executable files, or both, from which symbolic and other
information not required for proper execution using the exec family defined in
the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2008 has been removed (stripped). If
both −g and −s options are present, the action taken is unspecified.

−U name Remove any initial definition of name.

Multiple instances of the −D, −I, −L, −l, and −U options can be specified.

OPERANDS

The application shall ensure that at least one pathname operand is specified. The
following forms for pathname operands shall be supported:

file.c A C-language source file to be compiled and optionally linked. The application
shall ensure that the operand is of this form if the −c option is used.

file.a A library of object files typically produced by the ar utility, and passed
directly to the link editor. Implementations may recognize implementation-
defined suffixes other than .a as denoting object file libraries.

file.o An object file produced by c99 −c and passed directly to the link editor.
Implementations may recognize implementation-defined suffixes other than .o as
denoting object files.

The processing of other files is implementation-defined.

STDIN

Not used.

INPUT FILES

Each input file shall be one of the following: a text file containing a C-language source
program, an object file in the format produced by c99 −c, or a library of object files, in
the format produced by archiving zero or more object files, using ar. Implementations may
supply additional utilities that produce files in these formats. Additional input file
formats are implementation-defined.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

The following environment variables shall affect the execution of c99:

LANG Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or
null. (See the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 8.2,
Internationalization Variables for the precedence of internationalization
variables used to determine the values of locale categories.)

LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other
internationalization variables.

LC_CTYPE Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data
as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte characters in
arguments and input files).

LC_MESSAGES
Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of
diagnostic messages written to standard error.

NLSPATH Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of LC_MESSAGES.

TMPDIR Provide a pathname that should override the default directory for temporary
files, if any. On XSI-conforming systems, provide a pathname that shall
override the default directory for temporary files, if any.

ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS

Default.

STDOUT

If more than one pathname operand ending in .c (or possibly other unspecified suffixes) is
given, for each such file:

"%s:\n", <pathname>

may be written. These messages, if written, shall precede the processing of each input
file; they shall not be written to the standard output if they are written to the standard
error, as described in the STDERR section.

If the −E option is specified, the standard output shall be a text file that represents
the results of the preprocessing stage of the language; it may contain extra information
appropriate for subsequent compilation passes.

STDERR

The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages. If more than one pathname
operand ending in .c (or possibly other unspecified suffixes) is given, for each such
file:

"%s:\n", <pathname>

may be written to allow identification of the diagnostic and warning messages with the
appropriate input file. These messages, if written, shall precede the processing of each
input file; they shall not be written to the standard error if they are written to the
standard output, as described in the STDOUT section.

This utility may produce warning messages about certain conditions that do not warrant
returning an error (non-zero) exit value.

OUTPUT FILES

Object files or executable files or both are produced in unspecified formats. If the
pathname of an object file or executable file to be created by c99 resolves to an existing
directory entry for a file that is not a regular file, it is unspecified whether c99 shall
attempt to create the file or shall issue a diagnostic and exit with a non-zero exit
status.

EXTENDED DESCRIPTION

Standard Libraries
The c99 utility shall recognize the following −l options for standard libraries:

−l c This option shall make available all interfaces referenced in the System
Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2008, with the possible exception of those
interfaces listed as residing in <aio.h>, <arpa/inet.h>, <complex.h>, <fenv.h>,
<math.h>, <mqueue.h>, <netdb.h>, <net/if.h>, <netinet/in.h>, <pthread.h>,
<sched.h>, <semaphore.h>, <spawn.h>, <sys/socket.h>, pthread_kill(), and
pthread_sigmask() in <signal.h>, <trace.h>, interfaces marked as optional in
<sys/mman.h>, interfaces marked as ADV (Advisory Information) in <fcntl.h>, and
interfaces beginning with the prefix clock_ or time_ in <time.h>. This option
shall not be required to be present to cause a search of this library.

−l l This option shall make available all interfaces required by the C-language
output of lex that are not made available through the −l c option.

−l pthread
This option shall make available all interfaces referenced in <pthread.h> and
pthread_kill() and pthread_sigmask() referenced in <signal.h>. An
implementation may search this library in the absence of this option.

−l m This option shall make available all interfaces referenced in <math.h>,
<complex.h>, and <fenv.h>. An implementation may search this library in the
absence of this option.

−l rt This option shall make available all interfaces referenced in <aio.h>,
<mqueue.h>, <sched.h>, <semaphore.h>, and <spawn.h>, interfaces marked as
optional in <sys/mman.h>, interfaces marked as ADV (Advisory Information) in
<fcntl.h>, and interfaces beginning with the prefix clock_ and time_ in
<time.h>. An implementation may search this library in the absence of this
option.

−l trace This option shall make available all interfaces referenced in <trace.h>. An
implementation may search this library in the absence of this option.

−l xnet This option shall make available all interfaces referenced in <arpa/inet.h>,
<netdb.h>, <net/if.h>, <netinet/in.h>, and <sys/socket.h>. An implementation
may search this library in the absence of this option.

−l y This option shall make available all interfaces required by the C-language
output of yacc that are not made available through the −l c option.

In the absence of options that inhibit invocation of the link editor, such as −c or −E,
the c99 utility shall cause the equivalent of a −l c option to be passed to the link
editor after the last pathname operand or −l option, causing it to be searched after all
other object files and libraries are loaded.

It is unspecified whether the libraries libc.a, libl.a, libm.a, libpthread.a, librt.a,
libtrace.a, libxnet.a, or liby.a exist as regular files. The implementation may accept as
−l option-arguments names of objects that do not exist as regular files.

External Symbols
The C compiler and link editor shall support the significance of external symbols up to a
length of at least 31 bytes; the action taken upon encountering symbols exceeding the
implementation-defined maximum symbol length is unspecified.

The compiler and link editor shall support a minimum of 511 external symbols per source or
object file, and a minimum of 4095 external symbols in total. A diagnostic message shall
be written to the standard output if the implementation-defined limit is exceeded; other
actions are unspecified.

Header Search
If a file with the same name as one of the standard headers defined in the Base
Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Chapter 13, Headers, not provided as part of the
implementation, is placed in any of the usual places that are searched by default for
headers, the results are unspecified.

Programming Environments
All implementations shall support one of the following programming environments as a
default. Implementations may support more than one of the following programming
environments. Applications can use sysconf() or getconf to determine which programming
environments are supported.

Table 4-4: Programming Environments: Type Sizes

┌────────────────────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐
│Programming Environment │ Bits in │ Bits in │ Bits in │ Bits in │
│ getconf Name │ int │ long │ pointer │ off_t │
├────────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤
│_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32 │ 32 │ 32 │ 32 │ 32 │
│_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG │ 32 │ 32 │ 32 │ ≥64 │
│_POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64 │ 32 │ 64 │ 64 │ 64 │
│_POSIX_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG │ ≥32 │ ≥64 │ ≥64 │ ≥64 │
└────────────────────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘
All implementations shall support one or more environments where the widths of the
following types are no greater than the width of type long:

blksize_t ptrdiff_t tcflag_t
cc_t size_t wchar_t
mode_t speed_t wint_t
nfds_t ssize_t
pid_t suseconds_t

The executable files created when these environments are selected shall be in a proper
format for execution by the exec family of functions. Each environment may be one of the
ones in Table 4-4, Programming Environments: Type Sizes, or it may be another environment.
The names for the environments that meet this requirement shall be output by a getconf
command using the POSIX_V7_WIDTH_RESTRICTED_ENVS argument, as a <newline>-separated list
of names suitable for use with the getconf −v option. If more than one environment meets
the requirement, the names of all such environments shall be output on separate lines. Any
of these names can then be used in a subsequent getconf command to obtain the flags
specific to that environment with the following suffixes added as appropriate:

_CFLAGS To get the C compiler flags.

_LDFLAGS To get the linker/loader flags.

_LIBS To get the libraries.

This requirement may be removed in a future version.

When this utility processes a file containing a function called main(), it shall be
defined with a return type equivalent to int. Using return from the initial call to
main() shall be equivalent (other than with respect to language scope issues) to calling
exit() with the returned value. Reaching the end of the initial call to main() shall be
equivalent to calling exit(0). The implementation shall not declare a prototype for this
function.

Implementations provide configuration strings for C compiler flags, linker/loader flags,
and libraries for each supported environment. When an application needs to use a specific
programming environment rather than the implementation default programming environment
while compiling, the application shall first verify that the implementation supports the
desired environment. If the desired programming environment is supported, the application
shall then invoke c99 with the appropriate C compiler flags as the first options for the
compile, the appropriate linker/loader flags after any other options except −l but before
any operands or −l options, and the appropriate libraries at the end of the operands and
−l options.

Conforming applications shall not attempt to link together object files compiled for
different programming models. Applications shall also be aware that binary data placed in
shared memory or in files might not be recognized by applications built for other
programming models.

Table 4-5: Programming Environments: c99 Arguments

┌────────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬───────────────────────────────┐
│Programming Environment │ │ c99 Arguments │
│ getconf Name │ Use │ getconf Name │
├────────────────────────┼─────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────┤
│_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32 │ C Compiler Flags │ POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS │
│ │ Linker/Loader Flags │ POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS │
│ │ Libraries │ POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS │
├────────────────────────┼─────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────┤
│_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG │ C Compiler Flags │ POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS │
│ │ Linker/Loader Flags │ POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS │
│ │ Libraries │ POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS │
├────────────────────────┼─────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────┤
│_POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64 │ C Compiler Flags │ POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS │
│ │ Linker/Loader Flags │ POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS │
│ │ Libraries │ POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64_LIBS │
├────────────────────────┼─────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────┤
│_POSIX_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG │ C Compiler Flags │ POSIX_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS │
│ │ Linker/Loader Flags │ POSIX_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS │
│ │ Libraries │ POSIX_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS │
└────────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────┘
In addition to the type size programming environments above, all implementations also
support a multi-threaded programming environment that is orthogonal to all of the
programming environments listed above. The getconf utility can be used to get flags for
the threaded programming environment, as indicated in Table 4-6, Threaded Programming
Environment: c99 Arguments.

Table 4-6: Threaded Programming Environment: c99 Arguments

┌────────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬──────────────────────────┐
│Programming Environment │ │ c99 Arguments │
│ getconf Name │ Use │ getconf Name │
├────────────────────────┼─────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
│_POSIX_THREADS │ C Compiler Flags │ POSIX_V7_THREADS_CFLAGS │
│ │ Linker/Loader Flags │ POSIX_V7_THREADS_LDFLAGS │
└────────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴──────────────────────────┘
These programming environment flags may be used in conjunction with any of the type size
programming environments supported by the implementation.

EXIT STATUS

The following exit values shall be returned:

0 Successful compilation or link edit.

>0 An error occurred.

CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS

When c99 encounters a compilation error that causes an object file not to be created, it
shall write a diagnostic to standard error and continue to compile other source code
operands, but it shall not perform the link phase and return a non-zero exit status. If
the link edit is unsuccessful, a diagnostic message shall be written to standard error and
c99 exits with a non-zero status. A conforming application shall rely on the exit status
of c99, rather than on the existence or mode of the executable file.

The following sections are informative.

APPLICATION USAGE

Since the c99 utility usually creates files in the current directory during the
compilation process, it is typically necessary to run the c99 utility in a directory in
which a file can be created.

On systems providing POSIX Conformance (see the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008,
Chapter 2, Conformance), c99 is required only with the C-Language Development option; XSI-
conformant systems always provide c99.

Some historical implementations have created .o files when −c is not specified and more
than one source file is given. Since this area is left unspecified, the application cannot
rely on .o files being created, but it also must be prepared for any related .o files that
already exist being deleted at the completion of the link edit.

There is the possible implication that if a user supplies versions of the standard
functions (before they would be encountered by an implicit −l c or explicit −l m), that
those versions would be used in place of the standard versions. There are various reasons
this might not be true (functions defined as macros, manipulations for clean name space,
and so on), so the existence of files named in the same manner as the standard libraries
within the −L directories is explicitly stated to produce unspecified behavior.

All of the functions specified in the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2008 may be made
visible by implementations when the Standard C Library is searched. Conforming
applications must explicitly request searching the other standard libraries when functions
made visible by those libraries are used.

In the ISO C standard the mapping from physical source characters to the C source
character set is implementation-defined. Implementations may strip white-space characters
before the terminating <newline> of a (physical) line as part of this mapping and, as a
consequence of this, one or more white-space characters (and no other characters) between
a <backslash> character and the <newline> character that terminates the line produces
implementation-defined results. Portable applications should not use such constructs.

Some c99 compilers not conforming to POSIX.1‐2008 do not support trigraphs by default.

EXAMPLES

1. The following usage example compiles foo.c and creates the executable file foo:

c99 −o foo foo.c

The following usage example compiles foo.c and creates the object file foo.o:

c99 −c foo.c

The following usage example compiles foo.c and creates the executable file a.out:

c99 foo.c

The following usage example compiles foo.c, links it with bar.o, and creates the
executable file a.out. It may also create and leave foo.o:

c99 foo.c bar.o

2. The following example shows how an application using threads interfaces can test for
support of and use a programming environment supporting 32-bit int, long, and pointer
types and an off_t type using at least 64 bits:

offbig_env=$(getconf _POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG)
if [ $offbig_env != "-1" ] && [ $offbig_env != "undefined" ]
then
c99 $(getconf POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS) \
$(getconf POSIX_V7_THREADS_CFLAGS) -D_XOPEN_SOURCE=700 \
$(getconf POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS) \
$(getconf POSIX_V7_THREADS_LDFLAGS) foo.c -o foo \
$(getconf POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS) \
-l pthread
else
echo ILP32_OFFBIG programming environment not supported
exit 1
fi

3. The following examples clarify the use and interactions of −L and −l options.

Consider the case in which module a.c calls function f() in library libQ.a, and module
b.c calls function g() in library libp.a. Assume that both libraries reside in
/a/b/c. The command line to compile and link in the desired way is:

c99 −L /a/b/c main.o a.c −l Q b.c −l p

In this case the −L option need only precede the first −l option, since both libQ.a
and libp.a reside in the same directory.

Multiple −L options can be used when library name collisions occur. Building on the
previous example, suppose that the user wants to use a new libp.a, in /a/a/a, but
still wants f() from /a/b/c/libQ.a:

c99 −L /a/a/a −L /a/b/c main.o a.c −l Q b.c −l p

In this example, the linker searches the −L options in the order specified, and finds
/a/a/a/libp.a before /a/b/c/libp.a when resolving references for b.c. The order of
the −l options is still important, however.

4. The following example shows how an application can use a programming environment where
the widths of the following types: blksize_t, cc_t, mode_t, nfds_t, pid_t, ptrdiff_t,
size_t, speed_t, ssize_t, suseconds_t, tcflag_t, wchar_t, wint_t

are no greater than the width of type long:

# First choose one of the listed environments ...

# ... if there are no additional constraints, the first one will do:
CENV=$(getconf POSIX_V7_WIDTH_RESTRICTED_ENVS | head -n l)

# ... or, if an environment that supports large files is preferred,
# look for names that contain "OFF64" or "OFFBIG". (This chooses
# the last one in the list if none match.)
for CENV in $(getconf POSIX_V7_WIDTH_RESTRICTED_ENVS)
do
case $CENV in
*OFF64*|*OFFBIG*) break ;;
esac
done

# The chosen environment name can now be used like this:

c99 $(getconf ${CENV}_CFLAGS) -D _POSIX_C_SOURCE=200809L \
$(getconf ${CENV}_LDFLAGS) foo.c -o foo \
$(getconf ${CENV}_LIBS)

RATIONALE

The c99 utility is based on the c89 utility originally introduced in the ISO POSIX‐2:1993
standard.

Some of the changes from c89 include the ability to intersperse options and operands
(which many c89 implementations allowed despite it not being specified), the description
of −l as an option instead of an operand, and the modification to the contents of the
Standard Libraries section to account for new headers and options; for example, <spawn.h>
added to the description of −l rt, and −l trace added for the Tracing option.

POSIX.1‐2008 specifies that the c99 utility must be able to use regular files for *.o
files and for a.out files. Implementations are free to overwrite existing files of other
types when attempting to create object files and executable files, but are not required to
do so. If something other than a regular file is specified and using it fails for any
reason, c99 is required to issue a diagnostic message and exit with a non-zero exit
status. But for some file types, the problem may not be noticed for a long time. For
example, if a FIFO named a.out exists in the current directory, c99 may attempt to open
a.out and will hang in the open() call until another process opens the FIFO for reading.
Then c99 may write most of the a.out to the FIFO and fail when it tries to seek back close
to the start of the file to insert a timestamp (FIFOs are not seekable files). The c99
utility is also allowed to issue a diagnostic immediately if it encounters an a.out or *.o
file that is not a regular file. For portable use, applications should ensure that any
a.out, −o option-argument, or *.o files corresponding to any *.c files do not conflict
with names already in use that are not regular files or symbolic links that point to
regular files.

On many systems, multi-threaded applications run in a programming environment that is
distinct from that used by single-threaded applications. This multi-threaded programming
environment (in addition to needing to specify −l pthread at link time) may require
additional flags to be set when headers are processed at compile time (−D_REENTRANT being
common). This programming environment is orthogonal to the type size programming
environments discussed above and listed in Table 4-4, Programming Environments: Type
Sizes. This version of the standard adds getconf utility calls to provide the C compiler
flags and linker/loader flags needed to support multi-threaded applications. Note that on
a system where single-threaded applications are a special case of a multi-threaded
application, both of these getconf calls may return NULL strings; on other implementations
both of these strings may be non-NULL strings.

The C standardization committee invented trigraphs (e.g., "??!" to represent '|') to
address character portability problems in development environments based on national
variants of the 7-bit ISO/IEC 646:1991 standard character set. However, these environments
were already obsolete by the time the first ISO C standard was published, and in practice
trigraphs have not been used for their intended purpose, and usually are intended to have
their original meaning in K&R C. For example, in practice a C-language source string like
"What??!" is usually intended to end in two <question-mark> characters and an
<exclamation-mark>, not in '|'.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

None.

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