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PROGRAM:

NAME

ed - text editor

SYNOPSIS

ed [ - ] [ -o ] [ file ]

DESCRIPTION

Ed is a venerable text editor.

If a file argument is given, ed simulates an command (see below) on that file: it is read
into ed's buffer so that it can be edited. The options are

- Suppress the printing of character counts by and commands and of the confirming by
commands.

-o (for output piping) Write all output to the standard error file except writing by
commands. If no file is given, make /dev/stdout the remembered file; see the
command below.

Ed operates on a `buffer', a copy of the file it is editing; changes made in the buffer
have no effect on the file until a (write) command is given. The copy of the text being
edited resides in a temporary file called the buffer.

Commands to ed have a simple and regular structure: zero, one, or two addresses followed
by a single character command, possibly followed by parameters to the command. These
addresses specify one or more lines in the buffer. Missing addresses are supplied by
default.

In general, only one command may appear on a line. Certain commands allow the addition of
text to the buffer. While ed is accepting text, it is said to be in input mode. In this
mode, no commands are recognized; all input is merely collected. Input mode is left by
typing a period alone at the beginning of a line.

Ed supports the regular expression notation described in regexp(7). Regular expressions
are used in addresses to specify lines and in one command (see s below) to specify a
portion of a line which is to be replaced. If it is desired to use one of the regular
expression metacharacters as an ordinary character, that character may be preceded by `\'.
This also applies to the character bounding the regular expression (often and to itself.

To understand addressing in ed it is necessary to know that at any time there is a current
line. Generally, the current line is the last line affected by a command; however, the
exact effect on the current line is discussed under the description of each command.
Addresses are constructed as follows.

1. The character customarily called `dot', addresses the current line.

2. The character addresses the last line of the buffer.

3. A decimal number n addresses the n-th line of the buffer.

4. ´x addresses the line marked with the name x, which must be a lower-case letter.
Lines are marked with the command.

5. A regular expression enclosed in slashes ( addresses the line found by searching
forward from the current line and stopping at the first line containing a string
that matches the regular expression. If necessary the search wraps around to the
beginning of the buffer.

6. A regular expression enclosed in queries addresses the line found by searching
backward from the current line and stopping at the first line containing a string
that matches the regular expression. If necessary the search wraps around to the
end of the buffer.

7. An address followed by a plus sign or a minus sign followed by a decimal number
specifies that address plus (resp. minus) the indicated number of lines. The plus
sign may be omitted.

8. An address followed by (or followed by a regular expression enclosed in slashes
specifies the first matching line following (or preceding) that address. The
search wraps around if necessary. The may be omitted, so addresses the first line
in the buffer with an Enclosing the regular expression in reverses the search
direction.

9. If an address begins with or the addition or subtraction is taken with respect to
the current line; e.g. is understood to mean

10. If an address ends with or then 1 is added (resp. subtracted). As a consequence of
this rule and rule 9, the address refers to the line before the current line.
Moreover, trailing and characters have cumulative effect, so refers to the current
line less 2.

11. To maintain compatibility with earlier versions of the editor, the character in
addresses is equivalent to

Commands may require zero, one, or two addresses. Commands which require no addresses
regard the presence of an address as an error. Commands which accept one or two addresses
assume default addresses when insufficient are given. If more addresses are given than a
command requires, the last one or two (depending on what is accepted) are used.

Addresses are separated from each other typically by a comma They may also be separated by
a semicolon In this case the current line is set to the previous address before the next
address is interpreted. If no address precedes a comma or semicolon, line 1 is assumed;
if no address follows, the last line of the buffer is assumed. The second address of any
two-address sequence must correspond to a line following the line corresponding to the
first address.

In the following list of ed commands, the default addresses are shown in parentheses. The
parentheses are not part of the address, but are used to show that the given addresses are
the default. `Dot' means the current line.

(.)a
<text>
. Read the given text and append it after the addressed line. Dot is left on the
last line input, if there were any, otherwise at the addressed line. Address is
legal for this command; text is placed at the beginning of the buffer.

(.,.)b[+-][pagesize][pln]
Browse. Print a `page', normally 20 lines. The optional (default) or specifies
whether the next or previous page is to be printed. The optional pagesize is the
number of lines in a page. The optional or causes printing in the specified
format, initially Pagesize and format are remembered between commands. Dot is left
at the last line displayed.

(.,.)c
<text>
. Change. Delete the addressed lines, then accept input text to replace these lines.
Dot is left at the last line input; if there were none, it is left at the line
preceding the deleted lines.

(.,.)d Delete the addressed lines from the buffer. Dot is set to the line following the
last line deleted, or to the last line of the buffer if the deleted lines had no
successor.

e filename
Edit. Delete the entire contents of the buffer; then read the named file into the
buffer. Dot is set to the last line of the buffer. The number of characters read
is typed. The file name is remembered for possible use in later or commands. If
filename is missing, the remembered name is used.

E filename
Unconditional see below.

f filename
Print the currently remembered file name. If filename is given, the currently
remembered file name is first changed to filename.

(1,$)g/regular expression/command list
(1,$)g/regular expression/
(1,$)g/regular expression
Global. First mark every line which matches the given regularexpression. Then for
every such line, execute the command list with dot initially set to that line. A
single command or the first of multiple commands appears on the same line with the
global command. All lines of a multi-line list except the last line must end with
The `.' terminating input mode for an command may be omitted if it would be on the
last line of the command list. The commands and are not permitted in the command
list. Any character other than space or newline may be used instead of to delimit
the regular expression. The second and third forms mean g/regular expression/p.

(.)i
<text>
. Insert the given text before the addressed line. Dot is left at the last line
input, or, if there were none, at the line before the addressed line. This command
differs from the a command only in the placement of the text.

(.,.+1)j
Join the addressed lines into a single line; intermediate newlines are deleted.
Dot is left at the resulting line.

(.)kx Mark the addressed line with name x, which must be a lower-case letter. The
address form ´x then addresses this line.

(.,.)l List. Print the addressed lines in an unambiguous way: a tab is printed as a
backspace as backslashes as and non-printing characters as a backslash, an and four
hexadecimal digits. Long lines are folded, with the second and subsequent sub-
lines indented one tab stop. If the last character in the line is a blank, it is
followed by An may be appended, like to any non-I/O command.

(.,.)ma
Move. Reposition the addressed lines after the line addressed by a. Dot is left
at the last moved line.

(.,.)n Number. Perform prefixing each line with its line number and a tab. An may be
appended, like to any non-I/O command.

(.,.)p Print the addressed lines. Dot is left at the last line printed. A appended to
any non-I/O command causes the then current line to be printed after the command is
executed.

(.,.)P This command is a synonym for

q Quit the editor. No automatic write of a file is done. A or command is considered
to be in error if the buffer has been modified since the last or command.

Q Quit unconditionally.

($)r filename
Read in the given file after the addressed line. If no filename is given, the
remembered file name is used. The file name is remembered if there were no
remembered file name already. If the read is successful, the number of characters
read is printed. Dot is left at the last line read from the file.

(.,.)sn/regular expression/replacement/
(.,.)sn/regular expression/replacement/g
(.,.)sn/regular expression/replacement
Substitute. Search each addressed line for an occurrence of the specified regular
expression. On each line in which n matches are found (n defaults to 1 if
missing), the nth matched string is replaced by the replacement specified. If the
global replacement indicator appears after the command, all subsequent matches on
the line are also replaced. It is an error for the substitution to fail on all
addressed lines. Any character other than space or newline may be used instead of
to delimit the regular expression and the replacement. Dot is left at the last
line substituted. The third form means sn/regular expression/replacement/p. The
second may be omitted if the replacement is empty.

An ampersand appearing in the replacement is replaced by the string matching the
regular expression. The characters \n, where n is a digit, are replaced by the
text matched by the n-th regular subexpression enclosed between and When nested
parenthesized subexpressions are present, n is determined by counting occurrences
of starting from the left.

A literal or newline may be included in a replacement by prefixing it with

(.,.)ta
Transfer. Copy the addressed lines after the line addressed by a. Dot is left at
the last line of the copy.

(.,.)u Undo. Restore the preceding contents of the first addressed line (sic), which must
be the last line in which a substitution was made (double sic).

(1,$)v/regular expression/command list
This command is the same as the global command except that the command list is
executed with dot initially set to every line except those matching the regular
expression.

(1,$)w filename
Write the addressed lines to the given file. If the file does not exist, it is
created with mode 666 (readable and writable by everyone). If no filename is
given, the remembered file name, if any, is used. The file name is remembered if
there were no remembered file name already. Dot is unchanged. If the write is
successful, the number of characters written is printed.

(1,$)W filename
Perform but append to, instead of overwriting, any existing file contents.

($)= Print the line number of the addressed line. Dot is unchanged.

!shell command
Send the remainder of the line after the to rc(1) to be interpreted as a command.
Dot is unchanged.

(.+1)<newline>
An address without a command is taken as a command. A terminal may be omitted from
the address. A blank line alone is equivalent to it is useful for stepping through
text.

If an interrupt signal (DEL) is sent, ed prints a and returns to its command level.

When reading a file, ed discards NUL characters and all characters after the last newline.

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