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ืกืžืœ OnWorks

cvs - ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืŸ

ื”ืคืขืœ ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืง ืื™ืจื•ื— ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ืฉืœ OnWorks ืขืœ ืื•ื‘ื•ื ื˜ื• ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ, ืคื“ื•ืจื” ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ, ืืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ Windows ืื• ืืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ MAC OS

ื–ื”ื• ื”-CVs ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกืคืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื ืžื™ ืฉืœ OnWorks ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ Ubuntu Online, Fedora Online, ืืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ Windows ืื• ืืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ MAC OS

ืชึธื›ึฐื ึดื™ืช:

ืฉืึตื


cvs - ืžืขืจื›ืช ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ

ืชึทืงืฆึดื™ืจ


cvs [ cvs_options ]
cvs_command [ command_options ] [ command_args ]

ื”ืขืจื”


ื“ืฃ ืื“ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ cvs. ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืž-an
ื ืกืคื— ืฉืœ ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS. ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘-
ืžื“ืจื™ืš Cederqvist (ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ cvs(GNU) ื‘ื“ืคื™ ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ MirBSD (HTML),
ืžื™ื“ืข CVS ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืื• ืื—ืจืช, ื›ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืจืื” ื’ื ื‘ื“ืฃ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื–ื”).
ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืฃ ืื“ื ื–ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืฆืžืชื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื•.

CVS ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช


ืœื”ื“ืจื™ืš ืœ CVS ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช
ื ืกืคื— ื–ื” ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ cvs ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืžืชืืจ ื›ืžื” ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช
ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ (ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ; ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืœ cvs ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช
'ืžืขื•ืจืจ CVS' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS).

ืžึดื‘ึฐื ึถื”


ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืžึดื‘ึฐื ึถื” of CVS ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช
ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื cvs ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืŸ:

cvs [ cvs_options ] cvs_command [ command_options ] [ command_args ]

cvs

ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ cvs ืชื›ื ื™ืช.

cvs_options

ื›ืžื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืœ cvs. ืืœื” ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ืœื”ืœืŸ.

cvs_command

ืื—ืช ืžื›ืžื” ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช; ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืขื–ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืคืงื•ื“ื”. ืฉื
ื”ื ืจืง ืฉื ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ cvs_command: cvs -H ืžืขืœื” ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ
ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช, ื• cvs -v ืžืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ืจืกื” ืขืœ cvs ืขืฆืžื•.

command_options

ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœืคืงื•ื“ื”.

command_args

ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืœืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช.

ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ cvs_options ื• command_options. ื›ืืฉืจ
ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื cvs_option, ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืจืง ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื
command_option ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืจืช, ื•ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื‘
ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืืœ ืชื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ืฉืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™. ืชืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ
ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื.

ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืฆื‘


ืฉืœ CVS ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืฆื‘
cvs ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ืื ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืื• ื ื›ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืฉืœื”
ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืฆื‘. ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืชืฉืชื ื” ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ืื—ืช
ืœืื—ืจ. ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื™ื•ื ื™ืงืก ืืช $? ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” 0 ืื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—, ืื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืž-0 ืื ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ
ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ.

If cvs ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—, ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืžื•ืฆืœื—; ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื’ื™ืื”, ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืคื™ืก
ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื’ื™ืื” ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ื›ืฉืœ. ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื” cvs ื”ื‘ื“ืœ
ืคืงื•ื“ื”. ื–ื” ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืื ืœื ืžืฆื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื, ืื• ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ
ืžืฆื‘ ืื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืื• ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื’ื™ืื”. ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžืกืคืงืช
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช, ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ cvs ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื™ืฉืชื ื”
ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ื”ืื—ืจ cvs ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช.

~/.cvsrc


ื‘ึผึฐืจึดื™ืจึทืช ืžึถื—ื“ึธืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื• ืžื” ื”ื™ื ~/.cvsrc ืคื™ืœื”
ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” command_options ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ื™ื ื•ื™
ืื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ืื—ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื•. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช (ื”ืื—ืช
ืฉื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื” .cvsrc ืชืžื™ื›ื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”) ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื
ืคืœื˜ ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœืงืจื™ืื”, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ
ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ.

ืืœ ื”ืื ื™ ~/.cvsrc ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ cvs_commands ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื,
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืื• ืชืกืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืื—ืจื™ื.

ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืฉืœ ~/.cvsrc ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืคืฉื•ื˜. ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื”
ืขื ืื•ืชื• ืฉื ื›ืžื• ื” cvs_command ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื’. ืื ื ืžืฆื ื”ืชืืžื”, ืื–ื™
ืฉืืจ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช (ื‘ืชื•ื•ื™ ืจื•ื•ื— ืœื‘ืŸ) ืœืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื•
ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืืจื’ื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื”.

ืื ืœืคืงื•ื“ื” ื™ืฉ โ€‹โ€‹ืฉื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื• co), ื”ืฉื ื”ืจืฉืžื™, ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”
ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื”, ื™ืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ืชืืžื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ. ืื– ืื ื–ื” ื”
ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ~/.cvsrc ืงื•ื‘ืฅ:

log -N
diff -uN
rdiff -u
ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ -Pd
ืงื•ืคื” -P
ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ -ื“

ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” cvs ืœืชืฉืœื•ื Foo ื™ื”ื™ื” -P ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื” ืœื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื
cvs co Foo.

ืขื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžืขืœื”, ื”ืคืœื˜ ืž cvs ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืคื• ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ unidiff.
cvs ื”ื‘ื“ืœ -c ืคื• ื‘ืจ ื™ืกืคืง ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉืจ, ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ. ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ "ื™ืฉืŸ" ื™ื”ื™ื•
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš, ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘-
ืคื•ืจืžื˜ "ื™ืฉืŸ", ืื– ืชืฆื˜ืจืš cvs -f ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืคื• ื‘ืจ.

ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ cvs ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœ
ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS). ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ .cvsrc

cvs -z6

ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื cvs ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจืžืช ื“ื—ื™ืกื” 6.

ื’ืœื•ึนื‘ึผึธืœึดื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช


ื–ืžื™ืŸ cvs_options (ืฉื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœ cvs_command) ื”ื:

--allow-root=rootdir

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืื—ื“ cvsroot ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืขื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“
ืงึฐืจึดื™ืึธื”. ื’ื•ืจื ื’ื ืœ-CVS ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืชืฆื•ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ,
ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืคืจื•ืงืกื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืื™ืžื•ืช ืกื™ืกืžื”
ืฉืจืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS ื•ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืคืจื•ืงืกื™' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

-a

ืื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืœืฉืจืช. ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืจืง ืขืœ
ืžื” ื”ื™ื cvs ืœึธืงื•ึผื—ึท. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื”, ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื ืจืง ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘-GSSAPI
ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'GSSAPI ืžืื•ืžืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS). ืื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื ืข
ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื TCP ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืžืคืขื™ืœ
ื”ืื™ืžื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ืฆืคื ื”.

-b ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืจ

In cvs 1.9.18 ื•ืžืขืœื”, ื–ื” ืคื™ืจื˜ ืืช ื–ื” RCS ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš.
ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ cvs ืœื ืœืจื•ืฅ RCS ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช; ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื
ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืœื•ื.

-T tempdir

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ tempdir ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื.

ืืœ ื”ืื ื™ cvs ืœืงื•ื— ื•ืฉืจืช ืžืื—ืกื ื™ื ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช. ื”ื“ืจืš ืืœ
ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช, ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช:

ยท ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ -T ืื•ึนืคึผึฐืฆึดื™ึธื”.

ยท ื”ืขืจืš ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ TmpDir ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืชืฆื•ืจื” (ืฉืจืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ - ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'config' ื‘-
ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS).

ยท ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื” $TMPDIR ืžืฉืชื ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” (%TMPDIR% ื‘-Windows - ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช
'ืžืฉืชื ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS).

ยท / Tmp

ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉื ื ืชื™ื‘ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜. ืžืชื™
ื”ืคืขืœืช ืœืงื•ื— CVS, -T ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™; ืžืคืจื˜ -T ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœืงื•ื—
ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืจืช ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš.

-d cvs_root_directory

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ cvs_root_directory ื›ืฉื ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื’ืจ. ืขื•ืงืฃ ืืช
ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ $CVSROOT ืžืฉืชื ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืžืื’ืจ' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

-e ืขื•ืจืš

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืขื•ืจืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช. ืขื•ืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ $CVSEDITOR
ื• ืขื•ืจื›ืช $ ืžืฉืชื ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœืš
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

-f

ืืœ ืชืงืจืื• ืืช ~/.cvsrc ืงื•ึนื‘ึถืฅ. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”
ืื™-ืื•ืจืชื•ื’ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ cvs ืกื˜ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื” cvs ื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืื•ึนืคึผึฐืฆึดื™ึธื” -N (ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช
ื”ืฆื’ืช ืฉืžื•ืช ืชื’ื™ื) ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื”. ืœื›ืŸ
ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš -N ื‘ ~/.cvsrc ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื›ื ืก, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ -f ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชื’
ืฉืžื•ืช.

-g

ืžื–ื™ื™ืฃ ื”ืจืฉืื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืขืœ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืชืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื
ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืฅ ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื,
ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื’ื–ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขื umask ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ cvs
ื‘ึผึดื˜ึธื—ื•ึนืŸ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื•, ืฆื•ืจ ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ืขืฅ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉื ืฉืœืฃ,
ื”ื’ื“ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื’ื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื›ืš ืฉืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืชื—ืชื™ื”
ืœืจืฉืช ืืช ื”-GID ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช BSD, ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™. ืขืœ SYSV
ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื•-GNU/Linux, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”-sgid ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืœืฉื ื›ืš. ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉืชืฃ ืืช ื”ืขืฅ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื”
ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš.

ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉื ืฉืœืฃ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืžืชืŸ
ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื ื™ื’ืฉื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืชืฃ cvs ืžืื’ืจ. ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžืฉื•ืชืฃ cvs ืžืื’ืจ
ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืื•ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื•.

ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื˜ื—ื”, ื”ื’ื“ืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื‘- .cvsrc ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื•ื
ืžื™ื•ืืฉ ืžืื•ื“; ืื ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘, ื•ื“ื ืฉื›ืœ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื "ื—ื•ืžืช ืืฉ" ื‘ืชื•ืš ื
ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืื• ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืคืจื˜ื™ 0700.

ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื•ืžืช MidnightBSD ืฉืžื•ื–ื’ื” ืœืชื•ืš MirBSD cvs.

-H

- ืขื–ืจื”

ื”ืฆื’ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ cvs_command (ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ
ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื”). ืื ืœื ืชืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืคืงื•ื“ื”, cvs -H ืžืฆื™ื’ ืขื–ืจื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ
cvs, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื–ืจื” ืื—ืจื•ืช.

-R

ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ืžืื’ืจ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฆ'ืง-ืืื•ื˜ ืžืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“
ืžืื’ืจ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืจืช anoncvs, ืื• ืž-a ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืžืื’ืจ.

ืื•ืชื• ืืคืงื˜ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื” CVSREADONLYFS ืžืฉืชื ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช -R ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื
ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื“ืจืš NFS.

-n

ืืœ ืชืฉื ื” ืืฃ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืืช cvs_command, ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช;
ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ, ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืื• ืœืžื–ื’ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ืื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื.

ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ื›ื™ cvs ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื™ืคื™ืง ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืคืœื˜ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื™ -n. ื‘
ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืคืœื˜ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”ื”, ืืš ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื cvs ื™ื“ืœื’ ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”
ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ืคืงืช ืื•ืชื• ืคืœื˜ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.

-Q

ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืคืงื•ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืฉืงื˜ื”; ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืชื™ื™ืฆืจ ืคืœื˜ ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจืฆื™ื ื™
ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.

-q

ื’ืจื ืœืคืงื•ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื˜ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช; ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ
ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื” ื“ืจืš ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื”, ื ื“ื—ืงื•ืช.

-r

ื”ืคื•ืš ืงื‘ืฆื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืื•ืชื• ืืคืงื˜ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื” $CVSREAD ืžืฉืชื ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืžืฉืชื ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS). ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
ืงื‘ืฆื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS).

-s ืžืฉืชื ื”=ืขืจืš

ื”ื’ื“ืจ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืžืฉืชื ื™ื' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS).

-t

ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช; ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ cvs ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช.
ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื -n ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจืช.

-v

--ื’ึดืจึฐืกึธื”

ื”ืฆื’ืช ื’ืจืกื” ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ cvs.

-w

ื”ืคื•ืš ืงื‘ืฆื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืงืจื™ืื”-ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”. ืขื•ืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ $CVSREAD ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
ืžึดืฉืึฐืชึทื ึถื”. ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงืจื™ืื”-ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ $CVSREAD ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืื• -r is
ื ึธืชื•ึผืŸ.

-x

ื”ืฆืคื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืœืฉืจืช. ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืจืง ืขืœ
cvs ืœึธืงื•ึผื—ึท. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื”, ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื ืจืง ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ GSSAPI
(ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'GSSAPI ืžืื•ืžืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS) ืื• ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ Kerberos (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช
'Kerberos ืžืื•ืžืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS). ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ืฆืคื ื” ืžืจืžื–ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื–ื•
ื’ื ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืื•ืžืชืช. ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื”ืฆืคื ื” ืื™ื ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ; ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืชืฆื•ืจื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, --enable-encryption, ื›ืฉืืชื” ื‘ื•ื ื” cvs.

-z ืจึธืžึธื”

ื‘ืงืฉ ื“ื—ื™ืกื” ืจึธืžึธื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืขื‘ื•ืจืช ืจืฉืช. cvs ืžืคืจืฉ ืจึธืžึธื” ื–ื”ื” ืœ-
ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ื“ื—ื™ืกืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช. ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ 1 (ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื“ื—ื™ืกื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”) ืขื“ 9 (ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
ื“ื—ื™ืกื”), ืื• 0 ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื‘ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื” (ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ). ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืฉืจืช ื™ื”ื™ื•
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื—ื•ืก ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉืช ื•ื”ืœืงื•ื— ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ืฉืจืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ
ืจืžืช ื“ื—ื™ืกื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื•. ื”ืฉืจืช ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
ืœืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืฉืจืช ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื•. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ
ืขื‘ืจ ืœ cvs ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช.

Common ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช


Common ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช
ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืžืชืืจ ืืช command_options ืฉื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ cvs ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช.
ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ cvs_command. ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืœืŸ
ืžื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•; ื›ืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ืชืžื›ืช ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืคืงื•ื“ื” ื™ืฉ โ€‹โ€‹ืื—ืช ืžื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืืชื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. (ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช
ืขื ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช, ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื—ืช cvs ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืืœ
ืึทื—ึตืจ).

ื”ืขืจื”: ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” is an ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ; it ืชื•ืžืš ืจื‘ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ึถื” ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื’ื
ืขื ืืœื” ืชึถืงึถืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.

-D ืžืคืจื˜_ืชืืจื™ืš

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื ื™ืื•ื—ืจ ืž ืžืคืจื˜_ืชืืจื™ืš. ืžืคืจื˜_ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื
ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืชืืจื™ืš ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.

ื”ืžืคืจื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื•ืชืง ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืงื•ืจ;
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช -D, cvs ืจื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืช, ืื–
ืฉืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืชืืจื™ืš (ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ
ืขืœ ืชื’ื™ื/ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื, ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืชื’ื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS).

-D ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ, ืœืชืฉืœื•ื, ื”ื‘ื“ืœ, ื™ืฆื•ื, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ls, rdiff, ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื,
rtag, ืชื’, ื• ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช. (ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืžืขื˜
ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช; ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS).

ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืœื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ ื”ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ cvs, ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืงืœื˜ ืชืืจื™ืš
ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS.

ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืœ- -D ื“ื’ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ืฉืœืš ืœื ืชืชืคืจืฉ
ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื. ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘- -D ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืš:

$ cvs diff -D "ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขื”" cvs.texinfo

-f

ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืชืืจื™ืš ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื• ืชื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื cvs ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื
ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื’ (ืื• ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืืจื™ืš) ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืช.
ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ -f ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ืš ืœืื—ื–ืจ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืชื’ ืื•
ืชึทืึฒืจึดื™ืš. (ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืชืฉืžืฉ).

ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื’ื ืขื -f, ืชื’ ืฉืืชื” ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, โ€‹โ€‹ืœื
ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ). ื–ื” ื›ืš cvs ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชืช ืฉื’ื™ืื” ืื โ€‹โ€‹ืืชื”
ื”ืงืœื“ ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืชื’.

-f ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช: ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ, ืœืชืฉืœื•ื, ื™ืฆื•ื, rdiff, rtag, ื•
ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ.

ืื–ื”ืจื”: ืืœ ื”ืื ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื• ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื’ื ื™ืฉ a -f ืื•ึนืคึผึฐืฆึดื™ึธื”, ืื‘ืœ it ื™ืฉ ืœ a ืื—ืจ
ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœ ืืœื” ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช. ืœึดืจึฐืื•ึนืช ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืœึฐื‘ึทืฆึตืขึท ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช' in ืžื” ื”ื™ื CVS ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœ, ื• ืฆื•ืžืช
'ืžืกื™ืจื” ืงื‘ืฆื™ื' in ืžื” ื”ื™ื CVS ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœ.

-k kflag

ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื— RCS ืžืœื‘ื“ -kb. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืžื™ืœืช ืžืคืชื—
ื”ื—ืœืคื”' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS, ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ kflag. ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขื ื” ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื•
ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ืฉืœืš kflag ืžืคืจื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ื™ืง; ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื•
ืขื ืœืชืฉืœื•ื or ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืคืงื•ื“ื”, cvs ืžืฉื™ื™ืš ืฉื‘ื—ืจืช kflag ืขื ื›ืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื”
ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” kflag ืขื ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื ืงื‘ืฆื™ื
ืขื“ ืฉืชืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจืช.

ืืœ ื”ืื ื™ -k ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืขื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ, ืœืชืฉืœื•ื, ื”ื‘ื“ืœ, ื™ืฆื•ื, ืœื™ื™ื‘ื, rdiff, ื•
ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช.

ืื–ื”ืจื”: ืงื•ื“ื ืœ CVS ื’ืจืกื” 1.12.2, ืžื” ื”ื™ื -k ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืžื” ื”ื™ื -kb ืกึดื™ืžึธืŸ ืœ a
ื‘ื™ื ืจื™ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ. ื–ึถื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื•ืฉื—ืช ื‘ื™ื ืจื™ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื. ืœึดืจึฐืื•ึนืช ืฆื•ืžืช ืดืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื•
ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื—' in ืžื” ื”ื™ื CVS ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœ, ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

-l

ืžึฐืงื•ึนืžึดื™; ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš
ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื”.

ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช: ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ, ืœืชืฉืœื•ื, ืœื‘ืฆืข, ื”ื‘ื“ืœ, ืขืจื™ื›ื”, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื,
ื™ืฆื•ื, ื”ื™ื›ื ืก, rdiff, ืœื”ืกื™ืจ, rtag, ืžืฆื‘, ืชื’, ื‘ื˜ืœ ืขืจื™ื›ื”, ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ, ืฉืขื•ืŸ, ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื.

-m ื”ื•ื“ืขื”

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื›ืžื™ื“ืข ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืขื•ืจืš.

ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช: ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ, ืœื‘ืฆืข ื• ืœื™ื™ื‘ื.

-n

ืืœ ืชืคืขื™ืœ ืฉื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ืช ืชื’ื™ื. (ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืคืขืœื” ื‘ืžืกื“ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื
(ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS); ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืขื•ืงืคืช ืื•ืชื”).

ื”ืขืจื”: ื–ึถื” is ืœึนื ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื• as ืžื” ื”ื™ื cvs -n ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืื•ึนืคึผึฐืฆึดื™ึธื”, ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืจื˜ ืœ ืžื” ื”ื™ื
ืขื–ื‘ื• of a cvs ืคืงื•ื“ื”!

ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ืœืชืฉืœื•ื, ืœื‘ืฆืข, ื™ืฆื•ื, ื• rtag ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช.

-P

ื’ื–ื•ื ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ืช. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื”ืกืจืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS.

-p

ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืžื”ืžืื’ืจ ืœืคืœื˜ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”
ืื•ืชื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช. ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื• ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช.

-R

ืขื‘ื“ ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื cvs ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ืขื ื”
ืœืžืขื˜ ls & ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื.

ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช: ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ, ืœืชืฉืœื•ื, ืœื‘ืฆืข, ื”ื‘ื“ืœ, ืขืจื™ื›ื”, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื,
ื™ืฆื•ื, ls, rdiff, ืœื”ืกื™ืจ, ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื, rtag, ืžืฆื‘, ืชื’, ื‘ื˜ืœ ืขืจื™ื›ื”, ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ, ืฉืขื•ืŸ, ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื.

-r ืชื’

-r ืชื’[:ื ืชื•ื ื™ื]

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืฆื•ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื’ ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ (ื•ื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืœืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช
ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื•) ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ืจืืฉ ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืชื’ื™ื ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื
ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืขื ื” ืชื’ or rtag ืคืงื•ื“ื”, ืฉืชื™ ืชื’ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“: ืจืืฉ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก
ืœื’ืจืกื” ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืื’ืจ (ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื’ื ื›ืงืฆื” ื”-
ืจึธืืฉืึดื™ ืขื ืฃ, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื›ื’ื–ืข; ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืขื ืฃ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืงืฆื” ืฉืœื•; ื’ืจืกื” ื–ื•
of cvs ืžืฆื™ื’ .bhead, ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืคืงื•ื“ื”, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ), ื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก
ืœื’ืจืกื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆืืช ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.

ืžืคืจื˜ ื”ืชื’ ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืขื ืœืชืฉืœื•ื or ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืฉืœืš
ืขื•ืชืง ืžืฉืœื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ: cvs ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื’ ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ื™
ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ืขื“ ืฉืชืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจืช (ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืชื’ื™ื/ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื, ืจืื”
ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืชื’ื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS).

ื”ืชื’ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื’ ืกืžืœื™ ืื• ืžืกืคืจื™, ื›ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืชื’ื™ื' ื‘-CVS
ื™ื“ื ื™, ืื• ืฉื ืฉืœ ืขื ืฃ, ื›ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื”ืกืชืขืคื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื–ื•ื’' ื‘-CVS
ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœ. ืžืชื™ ืชื’ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืฉืœ ืขื ืฃ, ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
ืืจื’ื•ืžื ื˜ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื ื™ืฃ. ื›ืืฉืจ ืคืงื•ื“ื”
ืžืฆืคื” ืœืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืกื ื™ืฃ ืžืชืคืจืฉ ื›ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื–ื”.

ื‘ืชื•ืจ MirOS cvs ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”, ืžืคืจื˜ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ืžื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืžื ื™ื‘ ืืช
ื‘ืกื™ืก ืจื‘ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ืฃ ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื’ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ
ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืกื ื™ืฃ ื”ืื ื” ืชื’ ืกื ื™ืฃ ื”ืชืคืฆืœ, ืื•, ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื•
ืื•ืชื•. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ!

ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”- -q ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื -r ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช, to
ืœื“ื›ื ืืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ RCS ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื’ ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ.

ื”ืขืจื”: ื–ึถื” is ืœึนื ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื• as ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืงื™ืฃ cvs -r ืื•ึนืคึผึฐืฆึดื™ึธื”, ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืจื˜ ืœ ืžื” ื”ื™ื
ืขื–ื‘ื• of a cvs ืคืงื•ื“ื”!

-r ืชื’ ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื• ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช.

-r ืชื’[:ื ืชื•ื ื™ื] ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ, ืœืชืฉืœื•ื, ื”ื‘ื“ืœ, ื™ืฆื•ื, rdiff, rtag, ื•
ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช.

-W

ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืกื ืŸ. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘. ื”
spec ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉื ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘-
.cvswrappers ืงื•ึนื‘ึถืฅ. ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช: ืœื™ื™ื‘ื, ื• ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ.

ืžื ื”ืœ


ืื“ืžื™ื ืกื˜ืจืฆื™ื”
ยท ื“ื•ืจืฉ: ืžืื’ืจ, ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ยท ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื: ืžืื’ืจ.

ยท ืžื™ืœื” ื ืจื“ืคืช: rcs

ื–ื” cvs ืžืžืฉืง ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื. ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื™ืฉ
ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืงืคืงืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ cvs ืื‘ืœ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ื—ืœืง ืžื”
ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืงืคืงื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขืœื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™, ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.

ื‘-unix, ืื ื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืฉื cvsadmin, ืจืง ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ cvs
ืžื ื”ืœ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ืœืžืขื˜ ืืœื• ืฉืฆื•ื™ื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”- UserAdminOptions ืชืฆื•ืจื”
ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ CVSROOT/config ืงื•ึนื‘ึถืฅ. ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ื™ื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช UserAdminOptions ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืชืฆื•ืจื”' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ UserAdminOptions.

ืืœ ื”ืื ื™ cvsadmin ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืจืช, ืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืจื™ืฆื” ืืช
ืœื ืœืงื•ื—/ืฉืจืช cvs. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœืืคืฉืจ cvs ืžื ื”ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื, ืฆื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืœื
ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื•. ื‘-NT, ื” cvsadmin ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ cvs
ืžื ื”ืœ.

ืžื ื”ืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช


ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืคื•ืงืคืงืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ cvs ืื‘ืœ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™
ืžื˜ืจื•ืช. ื—ืœืงื ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ cvs ืขื“ ืฉืชื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜!

-Aoldfile

ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื cvs. ืฆืจืฃ ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ oldfile ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื”
ืฉืœ RCS ืงื•ื‘ืฅ.

-aื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช

ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื cvs. ื”ื•ืกืฃ ืืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘-
ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžื•ืคืจื“ืช ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื™ื ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ RCS ืงื•ื‘ืฅ.

-ื‘[ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ]

ื”ื’ื“ืจ ืืช ืขื ืฃ ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ืœ ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ. ื‘ cvs, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ืš ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื ืคื™ ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ;
ืชื’ื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืชื’ื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS) ื”ื ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื™ื–ื”
ืขื ืฃ ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื•. ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืœืจื•ืฅ cvs ืžื ื”ืœ -b: ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœ-
ื’ืจืกืช ื”ืกืคืง ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื ื™ืคื™ ืกืคืง (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื' ื‘-
ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS). ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื -b ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•.

-cืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช

ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืœ ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช. ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช
of cvs or RCS 5.7. ืœื›ืŸ, ืืชื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช
'ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื—' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS.

-ื”[ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช]

ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื cvs. ืžื—ืง ืืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘-
ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžื•ืคืจื“ืช ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื™ื ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”-RCS. ืื ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืžื˜,
ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื”. ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื -e ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•.

-I

ื”ืคืขืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื’ื ืื ื”ืงืœื˜ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ืฃ. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื
ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืœืงื•ื—/ืฉืจืช cvs ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืขืœื ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ cvs.

-i

ื—ืกืจ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืขื cvs. ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื•ืžืืชื—ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ RCS ืชื™ืง, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืคืงื™ื“ ื
ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ. ืขื cvs, ื”ื•ืกืฃ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืขื ื” cvs ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืงื‘ืฆื™ื' ื‘-
ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS).

-kืฉื ืขืฆื

ื”ื’ื“ืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ืœ ืฉื ืขืฆื. ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื—' ื‘-
ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS. ืžืชืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ -k ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœ cvs ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ, cvs ื™ืฆื•ื, ืื• cvs ืœืชืฉืœื•ื
ืขื•ืงืฃ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื•.

-ืœ[ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ]

ื ืขืœ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ. ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืกื ื™ืฃ, ื ืขืœ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ื–ื”. ืื ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ ืžื•ืฉืžื˜, ื ืขืœ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ. ืฉื
ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ -l ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•.

ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื rcslock.pl ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื‘ ืชื•ืจื ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฉืœ
ืžื” ื”ื™ื cvs ื”ืคืฆืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื (ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืง ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื). ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื” ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื (ื•ืจืื” ืืช
README ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชืžืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื”).
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื”, ื”ื ืขื™ืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืœ-strict (ืฉื–ื• ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ).

-L

ื”ื’ื“ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืขื™ืœื” ืœืงืคื“ื ื™ืช. ื ืขื™ืœื” ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ RCS ืื™ื ื• ืคื˜ื•ืจ
ืžื ืขื™ืœื” ืœืฆ'ืง ืื™ืŸ. ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขื cvs, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื ืขื™ืœื” ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช; ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช
ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืชื—ืช ื” -l ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขื™ืœ.

-mืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ:msg

ื”ื—ืœืฃ ืืช ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ ืขื msg.

-Nืฉื[:[ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ]]

ืชืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• -n, ืœืžืขื˜ ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฆืื” ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ืฉื. ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขื ืงืกื
ืกื ื™ืคื™ื, ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืžืกืคืจื™ ืขื ืคื™ ืงืกื' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

-nืฉื[:[ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ]]

ืฉื™ื™ืš ืืช ื”ืฉื ื”ืกืžืœื™ ืฉื ืขื ื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ืื• ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ cvs ืชื’ or cvs rtag ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช. ืžื—ืง ืืช ื”ืฉื ื”ืกืžืœื™ ืื ืฉื ื™ื”ื : ื• ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ ื™ืฉ ืœื•
ื”ื•ืฉืžื˜; ืื—ืจืช, ื”ื“ืคืก ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื’ื™ืื” ืื ืฉื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื•ื™ืš ืœืื—ืจ
ืžืกืคืจ. ืื ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ ื”ื•ื ืกืžืœื™, ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื”. ื ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื
ืžืกืคืจ ืกื ื™ืฃ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ื . ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื‘ืกื ื™ืฃ. ื :
ืขื ืจื™ืง ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ
ืชื ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, cvs ืžื ื”ืœ -nืฉื: ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื• ืฉื ืขื ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืงื‘ืฆื™ RCS; ื–ื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœ cvs ืžื ื”ืœ -nืฉื:$ ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื
ืฉื ืขื ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืœืฆื• ืžืžื—ืจื•ื–ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”
ืงื‘ืฆื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

-oืจื›ืก

ืžื•ื—ืง (ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ) ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื›ืก.

ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืœืžื“ื™ ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื”
(ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• rev1:rev2 ื”ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ).

ืื ืืชื” ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืกืง ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš. ืื‘ืœ ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•-
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืงืฆืจื” ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•! ืื ืืชื”
ืžื—ืง ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉืชื›ื ื ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื• (ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ
ืœืืกื•ืจ) ื cvs ื‘ืื’, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื’ื™ืื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื
ื ืžื—ืง. ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื’ืจ
ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.

ืœืคืจื˜ ืจื›ืก ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:

rev1::rev2

ื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ rev1 ืœ-rev2, ื›ืš cvs ืžืื—ืกืŸ ืจืง ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื
ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ืž-rev1 ืœ-rev2, ืœื ืœืฉืœื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื—ืจื™
-o 1.3 :: 1.5 ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื—ื–ืจ ื’ืจืกื” 1.3, ื’ืจืกื” 1.5, ืื• ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ
ืž-1.3 ืœ-1.5, ืืš ืœื ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” 1.4, ืื• ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 1.3 ืœ-1.4.
ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช: -o 1.3 :: 1.4 ื• -o 1.3 :: 1.3 ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื”, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ
ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืกืจื”.

::ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ

ื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ ื• ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ ืขืฆืžื•.
ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ื• ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ ื ื•ืชืจื• ืฉืœืžื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, -o :: 1.3.2.6 ืžื•ื—ืง ื’ืจืกื”
1.3.2.1, ื’ืจืกื” 1.3.2.5 ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืช 1.3 ื•-1.3.2.6
ืฉืึธืœึตื.

ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ::

ื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ ื•ืงืฆื” ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ. ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ
ื ื•ืชืจ ืœืœื ืคื’ืข ืืš ื’ืจืกืช ื”ืจืืฉ ื ืžื—ืงืช.

ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ

ืžื—ืง ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, -o 1.3 ืฉื•ื•ื” -o 1.2 :: 1.4.

rev1:rev2

ืžื—ืง ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืž rev1 ืœ rev2, ื›ื•ืœืœ, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืกื ื™ืฃ. ืื—ื“ ืœื
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืื—ื–ืจ rev1 or rev2 ืื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”
ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” cvs ืžื ื”ืœ -oR_1_01:R_1_02 . ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืœืขืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช. ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืžื—ื•ืง ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื”
ืืœ, ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ, ื”ืชื’ R_1_02. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื–ื”ืจื•! ืื ื™ืฉ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื
ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ R_1_02 ืœ-R_1_03 ืœืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจื™
ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื”ื•ืงืฆื” ืœืชื’ื™ื R_1_02 ื•-R_1_03. ืื– ืœื ืจืง ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™
ืื—ื–ืจ ืืช R_1_02; ื’ื R_1_03 ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช! ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื
ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ rev1::rev2 ื‘ืžืงื•ื.

:ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ

ืžื—ืง ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ ืขื“ ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ
ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ.

ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ:

ืžื—ืง ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืจืกื” ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ ืขืฆืžื•, ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื ื™ืฃ
ืžื›ื™ืœ ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ.

ืœืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืžื—ืงื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื ื™ืคื™ื ืื• ืžื ืขื•ืœื™ื.

ืื ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืžื—ืงื• ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ื™ื, ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื
ืžื” ื”ื™ื :: ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจื™ื, ืื ื›ืŸ cvs ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืื” ื•ืœื ื™ืžื—ืง ื›ืœ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช. ืื ืืชื”
ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืžื—ื•ืง ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืกืžืœื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื—ืง ืืช
ืฉืžื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ื™ื ืขื cvs ืชื’ -dื•ืื– ืœืจื•ืฅ cvs ืžื ื”ืœ -o. ืื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื-::
ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจื™ื, ืื ื›ืŸ cvs ืชืžื—ืง ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืกืžืœื™ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื
ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื–ื• ื ืฉืžืจืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืขื ื”ืงื•ื“ื
ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืœ cvs, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™, ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
ื›ืžื• :: ืžืงืจื”.

ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืš cvs ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืขื ืคื™ื ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืžืœื™ ืื ื”ื•ื ื
ืขื ืฃ. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืžืกืคืจื™ ืขื ืคื™ ืงืกื' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS, ืœื”ืกื‘ืจ.

ื•ื“ื ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื‘ื“ืง ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืืชื” ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ. ืžื•ึผื–ึธืจ
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืงืจื• ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ื•ื™ื ืกื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”. ืœืฉื ื›ืš
ืกื™ื‘ื”, ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื—ืช ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ืคืช; ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ
ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืœืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืชื™ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช' ื‘-CVS
ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœ).

-q

ืจื•ืฅ ื‘ืฉืงื˜; ืืœ ืชื“ืคื™ืก ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ.

-sื”ื™ื•[:ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ]

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืขื cvs. ื”ื’ื“ืจ ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ ืœ ื”ื™ื•. ืื ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ ื”ื•ื
ืžืกืคืจ ืกื ื™ืฃ, ื”ื ื— ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืกื ื™ืฃ. ืื ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ ืžื•ืฉืžื˜, ื ื ื™ื— ืืช
ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ. ื›ืœ ืžื–ื”ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•.
ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื Exp (ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™), ื“ืงื™ืจื” (ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘), ื• ืจื™ืœ (ืœ
ืžึฐืฉืื•ึผื—ืจึธืจ). ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืกื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืœ Exp ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ.
ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื’ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืคืœื˜ ืž cvs ื”ื™ื›ื ืก (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื™ื•ืžืŸ' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS), ื•
ื‘ $Log$ ื• $State$ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื— (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื—' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS).
ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ื›ื™ cvs ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื” (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื’' ื‘-CVS
ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœ); ืœืงื—ืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืืœ ืื• ืžืžื ื• ืžืช ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื• cvs ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื• cvs
ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื”ื•ืกืคื” ื•ื”ืกืจื”' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS), ืœื cvs ืžื ื”ืœ -s.

-t[ืคื™ืœื”]

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืขื cvs. ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ ืคื™ืœื” ืืœ
ืงื•ื‘ืฅ RCS, ืžื—ื™ืงืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืงื™ื™ื. ื” ืคื™ืœื” ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืฉื ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ืœื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ -. ื”
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ ื‘ืคืœื˜ ืž cvs ื”ื™ื›ื ืก (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื™ื•ืžืŸ' ื‘-CVS
ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœ). ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื -t ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•.

If ืคื™ืœื” ืžื•ืฉืžื˜, ื”ืฉื’ ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžืงืœื˜ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™, ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” . ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช; ืœึดืจึฐืื•ึนืช -I.

-ื˜-ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช

ื“ื•ืžื” -tืคื™ืœื”. ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ ืžื” ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช ืืœ RCS ืงื•ื‘ืฅ, ืžื—ื™ืงื”
ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืงื™ื™ื. ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื -t ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•.

-U

ื”ื’ื“ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืขื™ืœื” ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช. ื ืขื™ืœื” ืœื ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš
ืœื ืขื•ืœ ื’ืจืกื” ืœืฆ'ืง-ืื™ืŸ. ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขื cvs, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื ืขื™ืœื” ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช; ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช
ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืชื—ืช ื” -l ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขื™ืœ.

-u[ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ]

ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช -l ืœืขื™ืœ, ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืขื cvs. ืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื ืขื™ืœื” ืฉืœ
ื’ืจืกื” ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ. ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืกื ื™ืฃ, ื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื ืขื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื
ืขื ืฃ. ืื ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ ืžื•ืฉืžื˜, ื”ืกืจ ืืช ื”ืžื ืขื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื”ืžืชืงืฉืจ. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืจืง
ื”ืืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ืื•ืชื”; ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืคื•ืชื— ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืืช
ืœื ืขื•ืœ. ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืืจื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื ืฉืœื—ืช ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ื•ื“ืขื” (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช
'ืงื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขื”' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS). ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื -u ื• ืฉืœื”
ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—.

-Vn

ื‘ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ cvs, ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ an RCS ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื”
ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ RCS ื’ืจืกื” n, ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ ื•ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ an
ืฉื’ื™ืื”.

-xืกื™ื•ืžื•ืช

ื‘ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ cvs, ื–ื” ืชื•ืขื“ ื›ื“ืจืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ
RCS ืงื‘ืฆื™ื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, cvs ืชืžื™ื“ ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื™ RCS ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ cvs ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ ,v,
ืื– ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขืฉืชื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ.

ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ


ืžื” ืจื‘ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืงื• of a ืงื•ึนื‘ึถืฅ?
ยท ืชืงืฆื™ืจ: ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืฆื™ื [ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช]...

ยท ื“ื•ืจืฉ: ืžืื’ืจ.

ยท ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื: ื›ืœื•ื.

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื, ื”ื“ืคืก ืืช ื’ืจืกืช ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ืชื ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื™ื“ืข
ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืจื”. ืื ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืขืจื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ื”ืฆื’ ืืช
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ. (ื”ืขืจื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื›ืจื’ืข
ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ื•ืจ.)

ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช


ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช' ื‘-CVS
ืžื“ืจื™ืš, ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืœื ืฉืœื”ื):

-b

ืื—ื•ืจื”, ื”ืจืื” ืžืชื™ ืงื• ื”ื•ืกืจ. ื›ืจื’ืข ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ื•ืจ.

-l

ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืœืœื ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื”.

-R

ืขื‘ื“ ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™.

-f

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืจืืฉื™ืช ืื ื”ืชื’/ืชืืจื™ืš ืœื ื ืžืฆื.

-F

ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ื™ื.

-r ืชื’[:ื ืชื•ื ื™ื]

ื”ืขืจื” ืœืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื’ืจืกื”/ืชื’ ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืื•, ืžืชื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื• ืชื’ ื”ื•ื
ืชื’ ืกื ื™ืฃ, ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืžื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ืชื’ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื ืคื•ืฅ'
ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS.

-D ื ืชื•ื ื™ื

ื”ืขืจื” ืœืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชืืจื™ืš ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ.

ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžื”


ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”:

$ cvs ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ssfile
ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ssfile
***************
1.1 (ืžืืจื™ 27-Mar-96): ssfile line 1
1.2 (Joe 28-Mar-96): ssfile line 2

ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ssfile ื›ืจื’ืข ืžื›ื™ืœ ืฉืชื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช. ื” ssfile ืงื• 1 ื”ืงื• ื ืจืฉื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
mary ื‘-27 ื‘ืžืจืฅ. ื•ืื–, ื‘-28 ื‘ืžืจืฅ, ื’'ื• ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื•ืจื” ssfile ืงื• 2, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช
ืžื” ื”ื™ื ssfile ืงื• 1 ืงึทื•. ื”ื“ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื•
ื ืžื—ืง ืื• ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ; ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ cvs ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืœืฉื ื›ืš (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื”ื‘ื“ืœ' ื‘-CVS
ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœ).

ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœ cvs ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืžืขื•ืจืจ CVS' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืื•ืจ. ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”
ืคืจื˜ ืฉื ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

ืœืชืฉืœื•ื


ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื”ึทื—ื•ึผืฆึธื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœ ืขืจื™ื›ื”
ยท ืชืงืฆื™ืจ: ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื•ืคื” [ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช]...

ยท ื“ื•ืจืฉ: ืžืื’ืจ.

ยท ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื: ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ยท ืžื™ืœื™ื ื ืจื“ืคื•ืช: co, get

ืฆื•ืจ ืื• ืขื“ื›ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืฆื•ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ cvs ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ืžืื–
ืจื•ื‘ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš.

ืืœ ื”ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืกืฃ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื•
ืงื‘ืฆื™ื, ืื• ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืื• ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ืžืื’ืจ. ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืกืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ื
ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืงื•ึนื‘ึถืฅ. ืจืื” 'ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื' ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืžืช ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืชืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื•
ืœืื›ืœืก ืื•ืชื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืœืœื•
ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช (ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืื ืžืคืชื—ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ืืช ืฉืœื”ื
ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช); ืขื“ื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื›ืš ืฉื™ื›ืœืœื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื—ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ
ืžืื’ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช; ืื• ื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชืš ื›ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ.

ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ื›ื™ ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช. ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื”ื™ื
ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืžื•ืคืขืœ, ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื
ื›ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ, ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื”
ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืื—ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืชืช ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื ื”, ื•ื–ื”
ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื™ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื—ืœืฅ ืœืชื•ืš ืฉืœืš
ืื–ื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ (ืืœื ืื ืชืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช -Q ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช).

ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงืจื™ืื”-ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ -r ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœ cvs (ืจืื”
ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS) ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ, ื” CVSREAD ืžืฉืชื ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืžืฉืชื ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS), ืื• ืฉืฉืขื•ืŸ ื ืžืฆื
ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื” (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS).

ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืขืœ ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœืชืฉืœื•ื is
ื’ื ืžื•ืชืจ. ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ -d ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื‘
ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืžืื’ืจ
ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ืฉื ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืื™ืœื• ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืงื— ืกืคืจื™ื™ื”
ืฉืึตื. ื’ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” (ื”ื™ื›ืŸ
ืจืฆืชื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืž), ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ืจืฅ ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื
ืกืคืจื™ื™ื”, ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื— ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืฉืœืš ืœืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”.

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคืœื˜ ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื” ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืคืœื˜' ื‘-CVS
ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœ.

ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช


ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœืชืฉืœื•ื (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช' ื‘-CVS
ืžื“ืจื™ืš, ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืœื ืฉืœื”ื):

-D ื ืชื•ื ื™ื

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื ื™ืื•ื—ืจ ืž ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื“ื‘ื™ืงื”, ื•ืžืฉืชืžืขืช -P.
ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืชื’ื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS, ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืชื’ื™ื/ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื.

-f

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืจืง ืขื -D or -r ื“ื’ืœื™ื. ืื ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื’ืจืกื” ืชื•ืืžืช, ืื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”
ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” (ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ).

-k kflag

ืขื‘ื“ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ืœืคื™ kflag. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื—' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.
ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื“ื‘ื™ืงื”; ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื•
ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ kflag. ื” ืžืฆื‘ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช
'ื”ืคืขืœืช CVS' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS, ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืคืงื•ื“ื”.

-l

ืžึฐืงื•ึนืžึดื™; ื”ืคืขืœ ืจืง ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.

-n

ืืœ ืชืคืขื™ืœ ืฉื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืชืฉืœื•ื (ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘- -o ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื;
ืจืื” 'ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื' ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืžืช ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS).

-P

ื’ื–ื•ื ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ืช. ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

-p

ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืœืคืœื˜ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™.

-R

ืฆ'ืง ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ.

-r ืชื’[:ื ืชื•ื ื™ื]

ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืฆื•ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื’ ืื• ืžืชื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื• ืชื’ ื”ื•ื ืกื ื™ืฃ
ืชื’, ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืžื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ืชื’ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื“ื‘ื™ืงื”, ื•
ืžืจืžื– -P. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืชื’ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS, ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ื™ืง
ืชื’ื™ื•ืช/ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืืœื”, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืขื ืœืชืฉืœื•ื:

-A

ืืคืก ื›ืœ ืชื’ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช, ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื• -k ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช. ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืชื’ื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS,
ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืชื’ื™ื/ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื.

-c

ื”ืขืชืง ืืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ, ืžืžื•ื™ืŸ, ืœืคืœื˜ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช
ื›ืœ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืื• ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš.

-d dir

ืฆื•ืจ ืกืคืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื dir ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ.
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ื’ืœ ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ mkdir dir; cd dir ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•
ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืœืœื -d ื“ื’ืœ.

ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ื—ืจื™ื’ ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื•ื— ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ื
ืคืจื™ื˜ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืคืœื˜ ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืจื™ืง
ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืจืง, cvs ืžื ืกื” ``ืœืงืฆืจ'' ืฉืžื•ืช ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืœ
ื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.

ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื ืชื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ Foo ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืจ.ื’, ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” cvs co -d dir
Foo ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” dir ื•ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืจ.ื’ ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนืš. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื ืชื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ึผึธืจ
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืื– ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ quux.c, ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” cvs co -d dir
ื‘ืจ/ื‘ืื– ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” dir ื•ืžืงื•ื quux.c ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนืš.

ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ -N ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื™ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•. ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ ืœืขื™ืœ,
cvs co -N -d dir Foo ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช dir/foo ื•ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืจ.ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ cvs
co -N -d dir ื‘ืจ/ื‘ืื– ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช dir/bar/baz ื•ืžืงื•ื quux.c ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนืš.

-j ืชื’

ืขื ืฉืชื™ื™ื -j ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช, ืœืžื–ื’ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืฆื•ื™ื ื” ืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” -j ืื•ึนืคึผึฐืฆึดื™ึธื”
ืœื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ j ืืคืฉืจื•ืช, ืœืชื•ืš ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ืขื ืื—ื“ -j ืืคืฉืจื•ืช, ืœืžื–ื’ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืœื’ืจืกื” ืฉืฆื•ื™ื ื”
ืขื -j ืืคืฉืจื•ืช, ืœืชื•ืš ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ
ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื”ื’ืจืกื”
ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ -j ืื•ึนืคึผึฐืฆึดื™ึธื”.

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช -j ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืžืคืจื˜ ืชืืจื™ืš ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืืฉืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
ืขื ืกื ื™ืคื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœืื—ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืืจื™ืš ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™. ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™
ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ื™ื (:) ืœืชื’: -jืกื™ืžืœื™_ืชื’:ืžืคืจื˜_ืชืืจื™ืš.

ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื”ืกืชืขืคื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื–ื•ื’' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

-N

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืจืง ื™ื—ื“ ืขื -d dir. ืขื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื•, cvs ืœื ื™ืงืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ
ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื•ื“ื“. ืจืื” ืืช -d ื“ื’ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ
ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื•ืŸ.

-s

ื›ืžื• -c, ืืš ื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืžืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘. ืœึดืจึฐืื•ึนืช
'ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื' ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืžืช ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS, ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ -s ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ืชื•ืš
ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ.

ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช


ืงื‘ืœ ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ tc:

$ cvs checkout tc

ืงื‘ืœ ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ tc ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“:

$ cvs checkout -D ืืชืžื•ืœ tc

ืœื‘ืฆืข


ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืื’ืจ
ยท ืชืงืฆื™ืจ: commit [-lnRf] [-m 'log_message' | -F file] [-r version] [ืงื‘ืฆื™ื...]

ยท ื“ื•ืจืฉ: ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžืื’ืจ.

ยท ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื: ืžืื’ืจ.

ยท ืžื™ืœื” ื ืจื“ืคืช: ci

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ืš ืœืฉืœื‘ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœืš ื‘-
ืžืื’ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช.

ืื ืื™ื ืš ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข, ื›ืœ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื
ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื ื‘ื“ืงืช. ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืงืคื™ื“ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžืื’ืจ
ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืฉื™ื ื™ืช. ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ (ืื• ืื ืืชื” ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืืช
-R ืืคืฉืจื•ืช), ื’ื ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื ื™ืฉ
ื”ืฉืชื ื”; ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ -l ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืœืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืืžืช ืฉื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ื™ื ืขื ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘-
ืžืื’ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช; ื–ื” ื™ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืš, ื•ื™ืฆื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘, ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื”-
ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืฆื•ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขื“ื›ืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ' ื‘-CVS
ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœ). ืœื‘ืฆืข ืœื ืงื•ืจื ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจืš, ืืœื ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ื–ืืช ืขื‘ื•ืจืš
ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชืื™ื.

ื›ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืขื•ืจืš ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืš ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืชื”ื™ื”
ื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืชื•ื›ื ืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืื—ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืจืื” 'ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื' ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืžืช ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS, ื•ืจืื”
ืฆื•ืžืช 'logininfo' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS) ื•ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘- RCS ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืื’ืจ.
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื—ื–ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืคืงื•ื“ื”; ืจืื” 'ื™ื•ืžืŸ' ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืžืช ื‘-CVS
ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœ. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”- -m ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืื•ึนืคึผึฐืฆึดื™ึธื”,
ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจืš, ืื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘- -F ืคื™ืœื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™
ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืžื ื˜ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ.

At ืœื‘ืฆืข, ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžื•ืฆื‘ืช ื‘- RCS ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืื’ืจ. ื›ืœ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื
committed ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• commitid, ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืจืง ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืงืกื“ืฆื™ืžืœื™ื•ืช
(ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ 16 ื‘-GNU cvs, 19 ื‘-MirBSD ื•ื‘-MirDebian GNU cvs). FSF GNU cvs 1.11, MirOS
ื’ื ื” cvs 1.11, ื•-OpenBSD OpenCVS ืื™ื ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘-commitids. ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืขื ื” ื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืคืงื•ื“ื”; ืจืื” 'ื™ื•ืžืŸ' ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืžืช ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช
'ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืงื•ื‘ืฅ' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช


ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช' ื‘-CVS
ืžื“ืจื™ืš, ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืœื ืฉืœื”ื):

-l

ืžึฐืงื•ึนืžึดื™; ื”ืคืขืœ ืจืง ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.

-R

ื‘ืฆืข ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื–ื” ืžื•ืคืขืœ ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ.

-r ืจื‘ื™ื–ื™ื”

ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœ ืจื‘ื™ื–ื™ื”. ืจื‘ื™ื–ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื ื™ืฃ ืื• ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืชื ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™
ื–ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ื (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื”ืงืฆืืช ื’ืจืกืื•ืช' ื‘-
ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS). ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื‘ืกื ื™ืฃ.

ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชื•ืžืš ื’ื ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:

-c

ืกืจื‘ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืืœื ืื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืจืฉื ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช cvs
ืขืจื™ื›ื”. ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข -c ื• ืขืจื™ื›ื” -c ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ื›ืœ .cvsrc
ืงื‘ืฆื™ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืœืฅ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืจื˜ืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช
cvs ืขืจื™ื›ื” (ืœื ื™ืื‘ื“ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ) ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื” -f ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘.
ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข -c ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื’ื ืœืงื•ื— ื•ื’ื ืฉืจืช ื‘ื’ืจืกืช 1.12.10 ื•ืžืขืœื”.

-F ืคื™ืœื”

ืงืจื ืืช ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืž ืคื™ืœื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืขื•ืจืš.

-f

ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื–ื• ืœื ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ -f ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช 'Common
ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS.

ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— cvs ืœื‘ืฆืข ื’ืจืกื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื’ื ืื ืœื ื‘ื™ืฆืขืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ. ื›ืคื™ ืฉ
of cvs ื’ืจืกื” 1.12.10, ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœ -c ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื”. ืื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™
ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื 1.7, ืื– ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืš:

$ cvs commit -f ืคื™ืœื”
$ cvs commit -r 1.8 ืคื™ืœื”

ืืœ ื”ืื ื™ -f option ืžืฉื‘ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื” (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื–ื” ืžืจืžื– -l). ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— cvs ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ
ื’ืจืกื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื”, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ -f -R.

-m ื”ื•ื“ืขื”

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืขื•ืจืš.

ืœื‘ืฆืข ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช


ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœ a ืกื ื™ืฃ
ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืกื ื™ืฃ (ื›ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช) ืขื ื”- -r
ืื•ึนืคึผึฐืฆึดื™ึธื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ืจืกืช ืกื ื™ืฃ, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘- -b ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ rtag or ืชื’ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช (ืจืื”
ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื”ืกืชืขืคื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื–ื•ื’' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS). ืื– ื’ื ืœืชืฉืœื•ื or ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืขืœ ื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ. ืžื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื•ืื™ืœืš, ื”ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืœื” ื™ืชื•ื•ืกืคื• ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœืกื ื™ืฃ
ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืฆื•ืจื”. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ืืชื”
ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื’ืจืกืช 1.2 ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื’ืจืกืช 2.0 ื›ืŸ
ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ืืชื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช:

$ cvs rtag -b -r FCS1_2 FCS1_2_Patch product_module
$ cvs checkout -r FCS1_2_Patch product_module
$ cd product_module
[[ ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ]]
$ cvs commit

ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืžืื– -r ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ื™ืงื”.

ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืกื ื™ืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ืขืจื™ื›ื”
ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืขื‘ื“ืช ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”
ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืจื” ืœืš ืœืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ. ืื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœืš ื™ืจืฆื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืื™ืชืš, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื™, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘
ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœืš ืœืกื ื™ืฃ ื—ื“ืฉ. ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื
ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืœ cvs ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื. ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืš:

[[ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืคืจื•ืฆื™ื]]
$ cvs ืชื’ -b EXPR1
$ cvs update -r EXPR1
$ cvs commit

ืืœ ื”ืื ื™ ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืืช -r EXPR1 ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ื™ืงื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื. ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉืœืš
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื•ืกืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืคืงื•ื“ื”. ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš
ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœืกื ื™ืฃ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ -r ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ื™ืง. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
ื›ื›ื”:

[[ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืคืจื•ืฆื™ื]]
$ cvs ืชื’ -b EXPR1
$ cvs commit -r EXPR1

ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ืจืง ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืฉื•ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ืš ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื” -r EXPR1 ื“ื’ืœ ื“ื‘ื™ืง.
ืื ืืชื” ืคื•ืจืฅ ืžืฉื, ื•ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช -r EXPR1 ื“ื’ืœ, ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื
ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœืชื ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืชืš ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™, ืื—ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช

$ cvs checkout -r EXPR1 whatever_module

ื”ื‘ื“ืœ


ืœึฐื”ึทืฆึดื™ื’ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื
ยท ืชืงืฆื™ืจ: diff [-lR] [-k kflag] [format_options] [(-r rev1[:date1] | -D date1) [-r
rev2[:date2] | -D date2]] [ืงื‘ืฆื™ื...]

ยท ื“ื•ืจืฉ: ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžืื’ืจ.

ยท ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื: ื›ืœื•ื.

ืืœ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื. ืคืขื•ืœืช ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ืงื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš ืขื ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื•ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื›ืœ
ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื.

ืื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื, ืจืง ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืืœื” ืžื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื. ืื ื™ืฉ ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช
ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ, ื›ืœ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืชื—ืชื™ื”ื ื™ื•ืฉื•ื•.

ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ diff ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ cvs ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช; ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช
'ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ื™ืฆื™ืื”' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช


ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS,
ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืœื ืฉืœื”ื):

-D ื ืชื•ื ื™ื

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื ื™ืื•ื—ืจ ืž ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ืœืจืื•ืช -r ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ
ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”.

-k kflag

ืขื‘ื“ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ืœืคื™ kflag. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื—' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

-l

ืžึฐืงื•ึนืžึดื™; ื”ืคืขืœ ืจืง ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.

-R

ื‘ื—ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ.

-r ืชื’[:ื ืชื•ื ื™ื]

ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื’ ืื• ืžืชื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื• ืชื’ ื”ื•ื ืกื ื™ืฃ
ืชื’, ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืžื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ืชื’ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ืืคืก, ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื -r ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื›ื—. ืœืœื -r ืืคืฉืจื•ืช, ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ื•ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื’ืจืกื”
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ. ืขื ืื—ื“ -r, ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ื–ื• ืชื•ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœืš
ืงื•ึนื‘ึถืฅ. ืขื ืฉืชื™ื™ื -r ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื•ืฉื•ื• (ื•ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš
ืœื ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ).

ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื -r ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื -D ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช, ืฉืชื•ืืจื” ืœืขื™ืœ.

ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื˜. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื›ืžื•
ื‘- GNU diff. ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ืื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช
ืงื“ืžื” -, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืืจื•ืš ืฉืงื“ื ืœื• --.

-ืงื•ื•ื™ื

ืœึฐื”ึทืฆึดื™ื’ ืงื•ื•ื™ื (ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื) ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืงืฉืจ. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืคืœื˜
ื‘ืขืฆืžื•; ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืขื -c or -u. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื
ืžึฐื™ื•ึผืฉืึธืŸ. ืœืชืคืขื•ืœ ืชืงื™ืŸ, ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืงืฉืจ.

-a

ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื›ืืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉื•ืจื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื•ืจื”, ื’ื ืื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื ื›ืืœื”
ื˜ืงืกื˜.

-b

ื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ ื•ืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืœื‘ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืš.

-B

ื”ืชืขืœื ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืจืง ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืื• ืžื•ื—ืงื™ื ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ืช.

--ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™

ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™.

--ืงึธืฆึธืจ

ื“ื•ื•ื— ืจืง ืื ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœื ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื.

-c

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืคืœื˜ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ.

-C ืงื•ื•ื™ื

--ื”ึถืงืฉืึตืจ[=ืงื•ื•ื™ื]

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ืคืœื˜ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ, ืžืจืื” ืงื•ื•ื™ื (ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื) ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ, ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื
ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ. ืœืชืคืขื•ืœ ืชืงื™ืŸ, ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ
ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ.

--changed-group-format=ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜ ืœืคืœื˜ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘
ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืื-ืื–-ืื—ืจ. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

-d

ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื. ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ
(ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื˜ื™).

-e

--ed

ืฆื•ืจ ืคืœื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืงื™ ed ืชึทืกืจึดื™ื˜.

--ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ืช

ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืืช ื”ื˜ืื‘ื™ื ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืคืœื˜, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื˜
ืงื‘ืฆื™ื.

-f

ืฆื•ืจ ืคืœื˜ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ ื›ืžื• ed ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜ ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืฉื”ื
ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ.

-F regexp

ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื•ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื, ื”ืฆื’ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื
ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื”ืชื•ืืžืช regexp.

---forward-ed

ืฆื•ืจ ืคืœื˜ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ ื›ืžื• ed ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜ ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืฉื”ื
ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ.

-H

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืคื–ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื.

--horizon-lines=ืงื•ื•ื™ื

ืืœ ืชื–ืจื•ืง ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืžืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ
ื”ืกื™ื•ืžืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื”.

-i

ื”ืชืขืœื ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื”; ืฉืงื•ืœ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืš.

-I regexp

ื”ืชืขืœื ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืจืง ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืื• ืžื•ื—ืงื™ื ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืืžื•ืช regexp.

--ifdef=ืฉื

ืฆื•ืจ ืคืœื˜ ืื-ืื–-ืื—ืจ ืžืžื•ื–ื’ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื.

--ื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืžืจื—ื‘

ื”ืชืขืœื ืžืจื•ื•ื— ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืช โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืงื•ื•ื™ื.

--ื”ืชืขืœื ืžืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ืช

ื”ืชืขืœื ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืจืง ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืื• ืžื•ื—ืงื™ื ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ืช.

--ื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžืงืจื”

ื”ืชืขืœื ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื”; ืงื—ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช.

--ignore-matching-lines=regexp

ื”ืชืขืœื ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืจืง ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืื• ืžื•ื—ืงื™ื ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืืžื•ืช regexp.

--ื”ืชืขืœื-ื—ืœืœ-ืฉื™ื ื•ื™

ื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ ื•ืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืœื‘ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืš.

--ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช

ืคืœื˜ ื˜ืื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจื•ื•ื— ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ.
ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื• ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื ื•ืจืžืœื™.

-L ืชื•ื•ื™ืช

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื•ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“.

--ืชื•ื•ื™ืช=ืชื•ื•ื™ืช

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื•ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“.

--ืขืžื•ื“ื” ืฉืžืืœ

ื”ื“ืคืก ืจืง ืืช ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื–ื” ืœืฆื“ ื–ื”.

--line-format=ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ if-then-else. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•' ื‘
ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฉืœ CVS.

--ืžึดื™ื ึดื™ืžึธืœึดื™

ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื. ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ
(ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื˜ื™).

-n

ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ RCS ืฉืœ ืคืœื˜; ื›ืžื• -f ืืœื ืฉื›ืœ ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช
ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื.

-N

--ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื—ื“ืฉ

ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช, ืื ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื• ื›ืืœ ืงื™ื™ื
ืื‘ืœ ืจื™ืง ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.

--new-group-format=ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜ ืœืคืœื˜ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ืจืง ืžื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘-if-then-else
ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

--new-line-format=ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜ ืœืคืœื˜ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉื ืœืงื—ื” ืจืง ืžื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ if-then-else. ืœึดืจึฐืื•ึนืช
ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ ืงื•' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

--old-group-format=ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜ ืœืคืœื˜ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ืจืง ืžื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘-if-then-else
ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

--old-line-format=ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜ ืœืคืœื˜ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉื ืœืงื—ื” ืจืง ืžื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ if-then-else. ืœึดืจึฐืื•ึนืช
ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ ืงื•' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

-p

ื”ืจืื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” C ื ืžืฆื ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.

--rcs

ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ RCS ืฉืœ ืคืœื˜; ื›ืžื• -f ืืœื ืฉื›ืœ ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช
ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื.

--ื“ื•ื—-ื–ื”ื™ื-ืงื‘ืฆื™ื

-s

ื“ื•ื•ื— ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื.

--show-c-function

ื”ืจืื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” C ื ืžืฆื ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.

--show-function-line=regexp

ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื•ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื, ื”ืฆื’ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื
ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื”ืชื•ืืžืช regexp.

--ื–ื” ืœืฆื“ ื–ื”

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ืคืœื˜ ื–ื” ืœืฆื“ ื–ื”.

--speed-large-files

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืคื–ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื.

--ื“ื›ื-ืงื•ื•ื™ื-ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ

ืืœ ืชื“ืคื™ืก ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื–ื” ืœืฆื“ ื–ื”.

-t

ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืืช ื”ื˜ืื‘ื™ื ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืคืœื˜, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื˜
ืงื‘ืฆื™ื.

-T

ืคืœื˜ ื˜ืื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจื•ื•ื— ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ.
ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื• ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื ื•ืจืžืœื™.

--ื˜ึถืงืกื˜

ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื›ืืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉื•ืจื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื•ืจื”, ื’ื ืื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื ื›ืืœื”
ื˜ืงืกื˜.

-u

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ืคืœื˜ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“.

--unchanged-group-format=ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜ ืœืคืœื˜ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘-if-then-else
ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

--unchanged-line-format=ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื•ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ if-then-else. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืงื•
ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS.

-U ืงื•ื•ื™ื

--ืžืื•ื—ื“[=ืงื•ื•ื™ื]

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ืคืœื˜ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืžืจืื” ืงื•ื•ื™ื (ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื) ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ, ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื
ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ. ืœืชืคืขื•ืœ ืชืงื™ืŸ, ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ
ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ.

-w

ื”ืชืขืœื ืžืจื•ื•ื— ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืช โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืงื•ื•ื™ื.

-W ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช

--ืจื•ื—ื‘=ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืคืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื–ื” ืœืฆื“ ื–ื”.

-y

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ืคืœื˜ ื–ื” ืœืฆื“ ื–ื”.

ืงื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื


ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื
ืงืœื˜ ืื-ืื–-ืื—ืจ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื˜ืงืกื˜. ืฉื•ืจื”
ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืคืœื˜ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืจืฆื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื.

ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”-TeX ื”ืžืกืžืš ืฉืœื™ ืขื ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช
ืžื”ืžืื’ืจ, ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืžื•ื–ื’ ืฉื‘ื• ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืžื•ืงืคื™ื
\begin{em}-\end{em} ืงื•ื•ื™ื, ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืงืคื™ื \begin{bf}-\end{bf} ืงื•ื•ื™ื.

cvs diff \

--old-group-format='\begin{em}
%<\end{em}
'\

--new-group-format='\begin{bf}
%>\end{bf}
'\

ื”ืžืกืžืš ืฉืœื™

ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉืœืขื™ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช,
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคืจื˜ ืืช ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช.

cvs diff \

--old-group-format='\begin{em}
%<\end{em}
'\

--new-group-format='\begin{bf}
%>\end{bf}
'\

--unchanged-group-format='%=' \

--changed-group-format='\begin{em}
%<\end{em}
\begin{bf}
%>\end{bf}
'\

ื”ืžืกืžืš ืฉืœื™

ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืคื™ืงื” ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืขื ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ืจื”
ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ``ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”''.

cvs diff \

--unchanged-group-format='' \

--old-group-format='-------- %dn line%(n=1?:s) ื ืžื—ืง ื‘-%df:
%<' \

--new-group-format='-------- %dN line%(N=1?:s) ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื—ืจื™ %de:
%>' \

--changed-group-format='-------- %dn line%(n=1?:s) ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘-%df:
%<-------- ืืœ:
%>' \

ื”ืžืกืžืš ืฉืœื™

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืœืŸ. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืจื˜ ืœืžืขืœื”
ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช, ืื—ืช ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช. ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜,
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืชื•ื•ื™ ืžื˜ื ืฉืœ ืžืขื˜ืคืช.

--old-group-format=ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜

ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืจืง ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื ื”
ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื”ื” ืœืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ืฉืชื ื” ืื ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ื™ืŸ; ืื—ืจืช ื–ื” ื›ืŸ
ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื.

--new-group-format=ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜

ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืจืง ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืฉื ื™. ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื”ื” ืœืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ืฉืชื ื” ืื ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ื™ืŸ; ืื—ืจืช ื–ื” ื
ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื.

--changed-group-format=ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜

ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื. ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ื”ืฉืชื ืชื”
ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.

--unchanged-group-format=ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜

ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื. ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื.

ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช, ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื; ื”ึฒืžึธืจึธื”
ื”ืžืคืจื˜ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ % ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื˜ืคืกื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื.

%<

ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื ื’ืจืจืช. ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื
ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ืœืคื™ ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืŸ (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS).

%>

ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื ื’ืจืจืช. ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื
ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ืœืคื™ ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.

%=

ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื ื’ืจืจืช. ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื
ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ืœืคื™ ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ืงื• ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.

%%

ืžืกืžืœ %.

%c'C'

ืื™ืคื” C ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ C. C ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื• ื ื˜ื•ื™ ืื• ื’ืจืฉ.
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, %c':' ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœืง ื“ืื– ืฉืœ ืื-ืื–-ืื—ืจ
ืคื•ืจืžื˜, ืฉื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ืกืชื™ื™ื.

%c'\O'

ืื™ืคื” O ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช ืฉืœ 1, 2 ืื• 3 ืกืคืจื•ืช ืื•ืงื˜ืœื™ื•ืช, ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืชื• ืขื ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืื•ืงื˜ืœื™
O. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, %c'\0' ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืชื• ืจื™ืง.

Fn

ืื™ืคื” F ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืคืก ืžืคืจื˜ ื”ืžืจื” ื• n ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
ืžืกืžืœ nื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ืขื F.

e

ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ.

f

ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ; ืฉื•ื•ื™ื e + 1.

l

ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ.

m

ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ; ืฉื•ื•ื™ื l + 1.

n

ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ; ืฉื•ื•ื™ื l - f + 1.

E, F, L, M, N

ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.

ืืœ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื“ืคืก ืžืคืจื˜ ื”ื”ืžืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช %d, %o, %x, ืื• %X, ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™,
ืคืœื˜ ืื•ืงื˜ืœื™, ื”ืงืกื“ืฆื™ืžืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืงืกื“ืฆื™ืžืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”. ืœืื—ืจ
ืžื” ื”ื™ื % ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืจืฆืฃ: ื - ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืฉืžืืœื™ืช;
ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™; ื•ืชืงื•ืคื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื” ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™
ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, %5dN ืžื“ืคื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ
ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ 5 ืชื•ื•ื™ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื” ื”ื“ืคืก ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜
"%5d".

(A=B?T:E)

If A ืฉื•ื•ื™ื B ืื– T ืื—ืจ E. A ื• B ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™ ืื• ื™ื—ื™ื“
ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื›ื "ืœ. ืžืคืจื˜ ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœ T if Aื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ื”
Bืฉืœ; ืื—ืจืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœ E.

ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, %(N=0?no:%dN) line%(N=1?:s) ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื ืงื•ื•ื™ื if N (ืžืกืคืจ ื”
ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ) ื”ื•ื 0, to 1 ืงื• if N ื”ื•ื 1, ื•ืขื“ %dN ืงื•ื•ื™ื
ืื—ืจืช.

ืงื• ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื


ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉื ืœืงื—ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืงืœื˜ ืžื•ืคืงืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื•ืจื”
ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืื-ืื–-ืื—ืจ.

ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืžืคืœื˜ืช ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืขื ืžื—ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช ืœ-
ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื˜ืงืกื˜. ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื˜ ื”ื™ื - ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืžื—ืงื•, | ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
ื•ืžืจื—ื‘ ืœืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืœื˜.

cvs diff \

--old-line-format='-%l
'\

--new-line-format='|%l
'\

--unchanged-line-format=' %l
'\

ื”ืžืกืžืš ืฉืœื™

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืงื•, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช. ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜,
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžื˜ื-ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขื˜ืคืช.

--old-line-format=ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜

ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืจืง ืžื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.

--new-line-format=ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜

ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืจืง ืžื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืฉื ื™.

--unchanged-line-format=ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜

ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื.

--line-format=ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜

ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช; ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช.

ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืงื•, ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื; ืžืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžืจื”
ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื % ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื˜ืคืกื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื.

%l

ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจื”, ืœื ืกื•ืคืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื ื’ืจืจืช ืฉืœื” (ืื ื™ืฉ). ื–ึถื”
ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืžืชืขืœื ืื ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืฉืœืžื”.

%L

ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื ื’ืจืจืช ืฉืœื• (ืื ื™ืฉ). ืื ืฉื•ืจื”
ืื™ื ื• ืฉืœื, ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื–ื” ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•.

%%

ืžืกืžืœ %.

%c'C'

ืื™ืคื” C ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ C. C ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื• ื ื˜ื•ื™ ืื• ื’ืจืฉ.
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, %c':' ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ื™ื.

%c'\O'

ืื™ืคื” O ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช ืฉืœ 1, 2 ืื• 3 ืกืคืจื•ืช ืื•ืงื˜ืœื™ื•ืช, ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืชื• ืขื ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืื•ืงื˜ืœื™
O. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, %c'\0' ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืชื• ืจื™ืง.

Fn

ืื™ืคื” F ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืคืก ืžืคืจื˜ ื”ื”ืžืจื”, ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ืขื
F. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, %.5dn ืžื“ืคื™ืก ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื“ืคืก ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜ "%5d". ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช
'ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS, ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืžืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžืจืช printf.

ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื %l ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ืชื• ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื”.

ืื ื”ืงืœื˜ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืชื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืื‘ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืคืœื˜,
ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื–ื” %l or %L ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืงื• ื ืžืฆื ืžืžืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื˜ืื‘ (ืœืžืฉืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
ืงื•ื“ื %l or %L ืขื ืชื• tab), ืื• ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘- -t or --ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ืช
ืื•ึนืคึผึฐืฆึดื™ึธื”.

ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ. ืืชื”
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขื“ื™ื ื” ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœื”ืคืœื˜ ืฉืœ.

cvs diff \

--old-line-format='< %l
'\

--new-line-format='> %l
'\

--old-group-format='%df%(f=l?:,%dl)d%dE
%<' \

--new-group-format='%dea%dF%(F=L?:,%dL)
%>' \

--changed-group-format='%df%(f=l?:,%dl)c%dF%(F=L?:,%dL)
%<โ€”
%>' \

--unchanged-group-format='' \

ื”ืžืกืžืš ืฉืœื™

ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช


ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช Unidiff (-u ื“ื’ืœ) ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืกื” 1.14 ืœ-1.19 ืฉืœ
backend.c. ื‘ืฉืœ -kk ื“ื’ืœ ืœื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื—, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืจืง
ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื.

$ cvs diff -kk -u -r 1.14 -r 1.19 backend.c

ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ EXPR1 ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืชื•ื™ื’ื• RELEASE_1_0. ืœ
ืจืื” ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืกื ื™ืฃ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

$ cvs diff -r RELEASE_1_0 -r EXPR1

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื›ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช:

$ cvs diff -c -r RELEASE_1_0 -r RELEASE_1_1 > diffs

ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื—ื–ืง ChangeLogs, ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ืื” ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘
ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ChangeLog. ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ
ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื™ื•ื“ืคืก.

$ cvs diff -u | ืคึผึธื—ื•ึผืช

ื™ืฆื•ื


ื™ืฆื•ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืž- CVS, ื“ื•ืžื” ืœ ืœืชืฉืœื•ื
ยท ืชืงืฆื™ืจ: ื™ื™ืฆื•ื [-flNnR] (-r rev[:date] | -D date) [-k subst] [-d dir] ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ...

ยท ื“ื•ืจืฉ: ืžืื’ืจ.

ยท ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื: ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.

ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ืœืชืฉืœื•ื; ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ
ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ ืœืœื cvs ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื™ืฆื•ื ืœ
ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืœื•ื— ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืชืจ. ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืชืืจื™ืš ืื•
ืชื’ (ืขื -D or -r), ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืืชื” ืฉื•ืœื— ืœืื—ืจื™ื
(ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื’ื–ื ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ืช).

ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ -kv ืขื cvs ื™ืฆื•ื. ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ื›ืš ืฉื™ื™ื‘ื•ื โ€‹โ€‹ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืชืจ ืื—ืจ ืœื ื™ืื‘ื“ ืืช ื’ืจืกืช ืžื™ืœืช ื”ืžืคืชื—
ืžึตื™ื“ึธืข. ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ื™ื
ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ื’ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ -kv, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘- ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™
ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” (ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืž- RCS ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื”-ืจืื” ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™(1)) ืฉืžื—ืคืฉ ืžื—ืจื•ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื—.
ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ -kv.

ื™ืฆื•ื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช


ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื•ื (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช' ื‘-CVS
ืžื“ืจื™ืš, ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืœื ืฉืœื”ื):

-D ื ืชื•ื ื™ื

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื ื™ืื•ื—ืจ ืž ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.

-f

ืื ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื’ืจืกื” ืชื•ืืžืช, ืื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” (ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื
ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ).

-l

ืžึฐืงื•ึนืžึดื™; ื”ืคืขืœ ืจืง ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.

-n

ืืœ ืชืคืขื™ืœ ืฉื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืชืฉืœื•ื.

-R

ื™ื™ืฆื ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™. ื–ื” ืžื•ืคืขืœ ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ.

-r ืชื’[:ื ืชื•ื ื™ื]

ื™ื™ืฆื ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืฆื•ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื’ ืื• ืžืชื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื• ืชื’ ื”ื•ื ืชื’ ืกื ื™ืฃ,
ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืžื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ืชื’ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช' ื‘-
ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS.

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” (ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœ ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื• ื™ืฆื•ื) ื ืชืžื›ื™ื ื’ื:

-d dir

ืฆื•ืจ ืกืคืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื dir ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ.
ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืฉืœื•ื' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS, ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ cvs ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช
ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื”ื–ื”.

-k ืฉื ืขืฆื

ื”ื’ื“ืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื— (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื—ืœืคื”' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS).

-N

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืจืง ื™ื—ื“ ืขื -d dir. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืฉืœื•ื' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS, ืขื‘ื•ืจ
ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ cvs ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื“ื’ืœ ื”ื–ื”.

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”


ืœึฐื”ึทืฆึดื™ื’ ืžืฆื‘ of ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
ยท ืชืงืฆื™ืจ: ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” [-ื“ื•ื—] [-ื“ื’ืœื™ื] [-ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช args] [ืงื‘ืฆื™ื...]

ยท ื“ื•ืจืฉ: ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ $CVSROOT/CVSROOT/ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”

ยท ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื: ื›ืœื•ื.

cvs ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื”ืœ ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ cvs ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ
ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืจื™ืฉื•ื, ื” LogHistory ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืœืขืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”-
ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช ืจื™ืงื” ื•ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ HistoryLogPath ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช cvs ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืคืขืœื” (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'config' ื‘- CVS
ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœ).

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื”, ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื›ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืœืขื™ืœ ื•ืืช
HistorySearchPath ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”-config (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'config' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS).
ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืžื ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื•ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืื™ื
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคืงื•ื“ื”.

ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืื’ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื” cvs init ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืชืืคืฉืจ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช
ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืœืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ($CVSROOT/CVSROOT/ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”) ืขื ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”
ื”ืจืฉืื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืื’ืจ' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS).

ื”ืขืจื”: ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื -f, -l, -n, ื• -p in ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื–ึถื” ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืขื ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื ื•ึนืจืžึธืœึดื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš
cvs (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืžึฐืฉืื•ึผืชึธืฃ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช' in ืžื” ื”ื™ื CVS ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœ).

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช


ืžืกืคืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช (ืžื•ืฆื’ ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ -ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชืœื•ื ื”) ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื“ื•ื— ืžื•ืคืง:

-c

ื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘-commit (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืฉืชื ื”).

-e

ื”ื›ืœ (ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื). ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ -x ืขื ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื. ืฉืึถืœ
ืงื•ึผืจืก, -e ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืกืคื• ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ cvs; ืื
ืืชื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืจืง ืขื ืกื•ื’ื™ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืชืจืฆื”
ืœืคืจื˜ -x.

-m ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ

ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื. (ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช -m ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืขื ืื—ืช ืขืœ
ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื”.)

-o

ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ืกื’ืจื•. ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ.

-T

ื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื’ื™ื.

-x ืกื•ื’

ื—ืœืฅ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ืž cvs ื”ึดื™ืกื˜ื•ึนืจึดื™ึธื”. ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื
ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช, ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘.

ืœืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืจืฉื•ืžื” ื™ื—ื™ื“:

F

ืœืฉื—ืจืจ

O

ืœืชืฉืœื•ื

E

ื™ืฆื•ื

T

rtag

ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ:

C

ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืืš ื–ื•ื”ื• ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช (ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื™ื“ื ื™).

G

ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—.

U

ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ืขืชืง ืžื”ืžืื’ืจ.

P

ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชื•ืงืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืžืื’ืจ.

W

ืขื•ืชืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื ืžื—ืง ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ (ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืขืœื ืžื”-
ืžืื’ืจ).

ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ื‘ืข ืž-commit:

A

ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.

M

ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื•ื ื”.

R

ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื•ืกืจ.

ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ -ื“ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื— ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื:

-a

ื”ืฆื’ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื (ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉืžื‘ืฆืข
ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”).

-l

ื”ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

-w

ื”ืฆื’ ืจืง ืืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืžืื•ืชื” ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื”
ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื‘ืฆืข.

ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ -ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื— ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ:

-b str

ื”ืฆื’ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืจืฉื•ืžื” ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช str ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ, ื”-
ืฉื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ, ืื• ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืžืื’ืจ.

-D ื ืชื•ื ื™ื

ื”ืฆื’ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืื– ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ -D ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ืืฉืจ
ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ืž- ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.

-f ืคื™ืœื”

ื”ืฆื’ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืกื•ื™ื (ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” -f ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืคืงื•ื“ื”
ืงึทื•). ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื”.

-n ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ

ื”ืฆื’ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื (ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” -n ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื”).

-p ืžืื’ืจ

ื”ืฆื’ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืื’ืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื (ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” -p ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ
ืื•ืชื” ืฉื•ืจืช ืคืงื•ื“ื”).

-r ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ

ื”ืฆื’ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืื– ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืื• ื”ืชื’ ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘
ื‘ื ืคืจื“ RCS ืงื‘ืฆื™ื. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ RCS ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืื• ื”ืชื’.

-t ืชื’

ื”ืฆื’ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืžืื– ื”ืชื’ ืชื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื” -r
ื“ื’ืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ืจืง ืืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืœื ืืช RCS ืงื‘ืฆื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื”
ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

-u ืฉื

ื”ืฆื’ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉื.

-z ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ

ื”ืฆื’ ื–ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื UTC.

ืœื™ื™ื‘ื


ืชื‘ื•ืื• ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš CVS, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขื ืคื™ื
ยท ืชืงืฆื™ืจ: ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื โ€‹โ€‹[-options] ืชื’ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืกืคืง ืชื’ ืžืื’ืจ...

ยท ื“ื•ืจืฉ: ืžืื’ืจ, ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืฆืช ืžืงื•ืจ.

ยท ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื: ืžืื’ืจ.

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœื™ื™ื‘ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืคืฆืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœืžื” ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ (ืœืžืฉืœ, ื
ืกืคืง ืžืงื•ืจ) ืœืชื•ืš ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœืš. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื”ื
ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื’ืจ, ื•ืœืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืกื™ื˜ื•ื ืื™ื™ื ืœืžื•ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”-
ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS, ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื
ื ื•ืฉื.

ืืœ ื”ืื ื™ ืžืื’ืจ ืืจื’ื•ืžื ื˜ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” (ืื• ื ืชื™ื‘ ืœืกืคืจื™ื™ื”) ืชื—ืช ื”- cvs
ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืื’ืจื™ื; ืื ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื โ€‹โ€‹ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื”.

ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื โ€‹โ€‹ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœืš
ืžืื’ืจ (ืžืื– ื™ื‘ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื), ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืš ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘-
ืฉื ื™ ืขื ืคื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื—; ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืชืฉืœื•ื -j ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื™ื‘ื•ื
ืžื•ืจื” ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช.

If cvs ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืงื•ื‘ืฅ (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'cvsignore' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS), ื–ื”
ืœื ืžื™ื™ื‘ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžื“ืคื™ืก I ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ืฉื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื โ€‹โ€‹ืคืœื˜' ื‘
ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS, ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื˜).

ืื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ $CVSROOT/CVSROOT/cvswrappers ืงื™ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืฉืžื•ืชื™ื• ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืืช
ืžืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื” ื™ื˜ื•ืคืœื• ื›ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืื™ื
ื™ื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ/ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื. ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืขื˜ื™ืคื•ืช' ื‘
ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฉืœ CVS.

ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ืกื ื™ืฃ ื‘ืจืžื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ 1.1.1. ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื
ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื ืฃ ื–ื”; ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืžื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืžื™ื•ื‘ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ
ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ืจืกื” 1.1.1.1, ื•ืื– ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืžื”ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ื‘ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื’ืจืกื”
1.1.1.2, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.

ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื. ืžืื’ืจ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ืกืฃ
ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ. ืชื’ ืกืคืง ื”ื•ื ืชื’ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืกื ื™ืฃ (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขื‘ื•ืจ 1.1.1). ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ื
ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืชื’ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื•
ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื” ืžื‘ืฆืข ืœื™ื™ื‘ื. ื” ืชื’ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉ, ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘
ืืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืžืื’ืจ, ื•ืžื–ื”ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืืช ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื‘ืืช,

ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ื›ื™ ืœื™ื™ื‘ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืœึนื ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื” ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
ื–ื” ืœื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื cvs ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”; ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื
ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื‘ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื•ืชื ืœืชื•ืš ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช (ืจืื”
ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS).

ืœื™ื™ื‘ื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช


ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช ื–ื• ื ืชืžื›ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื‘ื (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS,
ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืœื):

-m ื”ื•ื“ืขื”

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื›ืžื™ื“ืข ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืขื•ืจืš.

ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.

-b ืกื ื™ืฃ

ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืกื ื™ืคื™ ืกืคืงื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS.

-k ืฉื ืขืฆื

ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžื™ืœืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ืจืฆื•ื™. ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ื• ืชื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื
ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื, ืืš ืœื ืœืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘-
ืžืื’ืจ. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื—ืœืคื”' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS, ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืคื™ื -k
ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช.

-I ืฉื

ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื•
ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื (ืืคื™ืœื• ืืœื” ืฉื”ืชืขืœืžื• ืžื”ื ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ), ืฆื™ื™ืŸ
`-ืื ื™!'.

ืฉื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉื ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘- .cvsignore
ืงื•ึนื‘ึถืฅ. ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'cvsignore' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

-W ืžืคืจื˜

ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืกื ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื•
ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.

ืžืคืจื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉื ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘-
.cvswrappers ืงื•ึนื‘ึถืฅ. ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืขื˜ื™ืคื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

-X

ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉ cvs ื‘ืขืช ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื โ€‹โ€‹ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช
ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ืชื ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™.

ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช, ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื cvs ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืžืŸ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ืžื—ืงื• ื‘-main
trunk, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืืœื• ืฉื ื ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ
ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ื: ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื’ืจืกื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื˜ืจืื ืง ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื
ืžืช, ืื™ืคื•ืก ืขื ืฃ ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื’ (ืจืื”
ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื’' ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”-CVS.

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžืื’ืจ ืจื—ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”
ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื โ€‹โ€‹ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœ-Vendor BranchOnly ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘-CVSROOT/config (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'config' ื‘-CVS
ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœ).

ืœื™ื™ื‘ื ืชืคื•ืงื”


ืœื™ื™ื‘ื ืžืขื“ื›ืŸ ืื•ืชืš ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืคืกืช ืฉื•ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ, ืœืคื ื™ื”
ืชื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ:

U ืคื™ืœื”

ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื’ืจ ื•ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื; ื—ื“ืฉ
ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื’ืจืกื” (ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš).

N ืคื™ืœื”

ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื”ืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžืื’ืจ.

C ืคื™ืœื”

ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื’ืจ ืืš ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™; ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื–ื’ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื.

I ืคื™ืœื”

ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'cvsignore' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS).

L ืคื™ืœื”

ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื•ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืกืžืœื™; cvs ืœื™ื™ื‘ื ืžืชืขืœื ืžืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืกืžืœื™ื™ื. ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขืช ืœืขืช
ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขืœ ืžื” ื–ื”
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืœ, ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ. (ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืกืžืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืคื”, ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื•'; ืจืื” 'ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื' ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืžืช ื‘-CVS
ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœ.)

ืœื™ื™ื‘ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช


ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืขืงื‘' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS, ื•ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

ื”ื™ื›ื ืก


ืงื•ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื“ืคืกื” ื”ึทื—ื•ึผืฆึธื” ื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืžื™ื“ืข ืœ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื
ยท ืชืงืฆื™ืจ: ื™ื•ืžืŸ [ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช] [ืงื‘ืฆื™ื...]

ยท ื“ื•ืจืฉ: ืžืื’ืจ, ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ยท ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื: ื›ืœื•ื.

ื”ืฆื’ ืžื™ื“ืข ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื. ื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื ื”ื’ ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœ RCS ืชื•ืขืœืช rlog. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉ
ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืฉืœ
ื”ืคืœื˜ ื•ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ cvs ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช.

ื”ืคืœื˜ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ RCS ืงื•ื‘ืฅ, ืจืืฉ ื’ืจืกื” (ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
ืขืœ ืชื ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ), ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืกืžืœื™ื™ื (ืชื’ื™ื•ืช) ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”
ืžืกืคืจ ื’ืจืกื”, ื”ืชืืจื™ืš, ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืกืคื•/ื ืžื—ืงื•, ื”-commitid
ื•ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืžื•ื“ืคืกืช. ื›ืœ ื”ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืืฆืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื—.
ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘- $TZ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืื•ืชื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜
ืึตื™ืš ื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืžืฆื™ื’ ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื.

ื”ืขืจื”: ื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื -R in a ื“ืจืš ื–ึถื” ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืขื ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื ื•ึนืจืžึธืœึดื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš cvs (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช
'ืžึฐืฉืื•ึผืชึธืฃ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช' in ืžื” ื”ื™ื CVS ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœ).

ื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช


ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ, ื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืžื“ืคื™ืก ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ. ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช
ืชึฐืคื•ึผืงึธื”. ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” (-d, -r, -s, ื• -w) ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื”,
ืžืœื‘ื“ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช Attic, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘
ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืœื˜ ืจืง ื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืฉื“ื•ืช ื›ื•ืชืจืช (-b, -h,
-R, ื• -t) ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื” -S ื’ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช.

-b

ื”ื“ืคืก ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืขืœ ืชื ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ.

-d ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื

ื”ื“ืคืก ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืขื ืชืืจื™ืš/ืฉืขื” ืœื›ื ื™ืกื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”-
ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื•ืคืจื“ืช ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื”-ืคืกื™ืง. ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ ื”ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื ืืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
-D ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื cvs ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS).
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื:

d1<d2

d2>d1

ื‘ื—ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคืงื“ื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื d1 ื• d2.

<d

d>

ื‘ื—ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืืจื›ื™ื d ืื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.

d<

>d

ื‘ื—ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืืจื›ื™ื d ืื• ื‘ืžืื•ื—ืจ.

d

ื‘ื—ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš d ืื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืืœ ื”ืื ื™ > or < ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื = ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื›ื•ืœืœ ื•ืœื
ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™.

ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื ืงื•ื“ื”-ืคืกื™ืง (;).

-h

ื”ื“ืคืก ืจืง ืืช ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ RCS ืงื•ื‘ืฅ, ืฉื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืจืืฉ,
ืกื ื™ืฃ ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ, ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื’ื™ืฉื”, ืžื ืขื•ืœื™ื, ืฉืžื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื•ืžืช.

-l

ืžึฐืงื•ึนืžึดื™; ื”ืคืขืœ ืจืง ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช. (ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœืจื•ืฅ ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช).

-N

ืืœ ืชื“ืคื™ืก ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืชื’ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื”. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืœืš
ื”ืืชืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื’ื™ื, ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ื™ื•ืชืจ" ืขืœ 3 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ื™ื, ื”
ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืœืœื ืชื’ื™ื ื›ืœืœ.

-R

ื”ื“ืคืก ืจืง ืืช ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ RCS ืงื•ื‘ืฅ.

-rืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื

ื”ื“ืคืก ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžื•ืคืจื“ืช ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื of
ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื. ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื:

rev1:rev2

ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช rev1 ืœ rev2 (ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืกื ื™ืฃ).

rev1::rev2

ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ rev1.

:ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ

::ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ

ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ื•ืขื“ ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ.

ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ:

ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ ืœืงืฆื” ื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ.

ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ::

ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ ืœืงืฆื” ื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืœึฐื”ึทืึดื™ืฅ.

ืกื ื™ืฃ

ืืจื’ื•ืžื ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื ืฃ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื–ื”.

ืกื ื™ืฃ 1:ืกื ื™ืฃ 2

ืกื ื™ืฃ 1::ืกื ื™ืฃ 2

ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืกื ื™ืคื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื–ื”.

ืกื ื™ืฃ.

ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ ืกื ื™ืฃ.

ื—ืฉื•ืฃ -r ืœืœื ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ
ืชื ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ. ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื” -r ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”.

-S

ื”ื“ื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืื ืœื ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื’ืจืกืื•ืช.

-s ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช

ื”ื“ืคืก ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืœืื—ืช ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื•
ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžื•ืคืจื“ืช ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช ื˜ืงืกื˜
cvs ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื, Exp ื• ืžืช. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ' ื‘-CVS
ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ.

-t

ื”ื“ืคืก ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื• -h, ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™.

-wื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช

ื”ื“ืคืก ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืขื ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘-
ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžื•ืคืจื“ืช ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื™ื ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช. ืื ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืžื˜, ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ. ืฉื
ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ -w ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”.

ื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืžื“ืคื™ืก ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืขื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช -d, -s, ื• -w,
ืžืฆื˜ืœื‘ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ -b ื• -r.

ื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช


ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืš? ื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืžืฆื™ื’ ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™, ืื•ืœื™ ืชืจืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘-Coordinated Universal
ื–ืžืŸ (UTC) ืื• ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืจ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืœืš $TZ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืขืœืช cvs:

$ TZ=UTC cvs log foo.c
$ TZ=EST cvs log bar.c

(ืื ืืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘-a CSHืžืขื˜ืคืช ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ, ื›ืื™ืœื• tcsh, ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืฉื™ื ืงื™ื“ื•ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
ืœืžืขืœื” ืขื env.)

ls & ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื


ยท ls [-e | -l] [-RP] [-r tag[:date]] [-D date] [ื ืชื™ื‘...]

ยท ื“ื•ืจืฉ: ืžืื’ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื, ืžืื’ืจ ื•ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ls.

ยท ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื: ื›ืœื•ื.

ยท ืžื™ืœื” ื ืจื“ืคืช: dir & ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื ืจื“ืคื•ืช ืœ ls ื• ืžื™ืœ & rlist ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื ืจื“ืคื•ืช ืœ ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื.

ืืœ ื”ืื ื™ ls ื• ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืื’ืจ.

ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ ls ืžืคืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ื”ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš,
ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืื—ืจื™ ื ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ.

ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื ืžืคืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ื”ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื” ืชื ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ
ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื’ืจ.

ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœ-
ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ls ื•ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื’ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื. ืœื ื–ื” ื•ืœื ื–ื”
ื”ื•ื ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ.

ls & ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช


ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ls & ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื:

-d

ื”ืฆื’ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžืชื•ืช (ืขื ืชื’ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื™ืŸ).

-e

ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ CVS/Entries. ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื”.

-l

ื”ืฆื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื.

-P

ืืœ ืชืจืฉื•ื ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื.

-R

ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช.

-r ืชื’[:ื ืชื•ื ื™ื]

ื”ืฆื’ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืฆื•ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื’ ืื• ืžืชื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื• ืชื’ ื”ื•ื ืชื’ ืกื ื™ืฃ, ื”
ื’ืจืกื” ืžื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ืชื’ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช' ื‘-CVS
ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœ.

-D ื ืชื•ื ื™ื

ื”ืฆื’ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืžืชืืจื™ืš.

ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช


$ cvs rls
cvs rls: ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ื: `.'
CVSROOT
ืจืืฉื•ืŸ-dir

$ cvs rls CVSROOT
cvs rls: ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ื: `CVSROOT'
ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื
commitinfo
config
ืžื’ืžืจื•ืช cvs
ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื•ื’ื™ืŸ
ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื
ืชื•ื“ื™ืข
rcsinfo
ืชื’ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ืข
verifymsg

rdiff


'ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ' ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜ ื ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืžืฉื—ืจืจ
ยท rdiff [-flags] [-V vn] (-r tag1[:date1] | -D date1) [-r tag2[:date2] | -D ืชืืจื™ืš2]
ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื...

ยท ื“ื•ืจืฉ: ืžืื’ืจ.

ยท ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื: ื›ืœื•ื.

ยท ืžื™ืœื” ื ืจื“ืคืช: ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ

ื‘ื•ื ื” ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืฉืœ ืœืืจื™ ื•ื•ืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ(1) ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
ืืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื‘ืืช ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. (ื–ึถื”
ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื cvs ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืžืื’ืจ, ื•ืœื ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช
ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช.) ืคืœื˜ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื ืฉืœื— ืœื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ืคืœื˜ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™.

ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ (ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืงืŸ -r ื• -D ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช) ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื
ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื. ืื ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืจืง ื’ืจืกื” ืื• ืชืืจื™ืš ืื—ื“, ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืฉืงืฃ
ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ืชืืจื™ืš ื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘- RCS
ืงื•ื‘ืฅ.

ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉืื ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ื›ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืคืจื™ื” ืื—ืช, ืื–
ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช -p ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ืขืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ
ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.

rdiff ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช


ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ rdiff (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช' ื‘-CVS
ืžื“ืจื™ืš, ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืœื ืฉืœื”ื):

-D ื ืชื•ื ื™ื

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื ื™ืื•ื—ืจ ืž ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.

-f

ืื ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื’ืจืกื” ืชื•ืืžืช, ืื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” (ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื
ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ).

-k kflag

ืขื‘ื“ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ืœืคื™ kflag. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื—' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

-l

ืžึฐืงื•ึนืžึดื™; ืืœ ืชืจื“ ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื”.

-R

ื‘ื—ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ.

-r ืชื’

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืฆื•ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื’, ืื• ืžืชื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื• ืชื’ ื”ื•ื ืชื’ ืกื ื™ืฃ,
ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืžื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ืชื’ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช' ื‘-
ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS.

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช:

-c

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ. ื–ื”ื• ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ.

-p

ื”ืจืื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” C ื ืžืฆื ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.

-s

ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื•ื— ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ. ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื™ื“ืข
ืขืœ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื ื• ืื• ื ื•ืกืคื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื–ื” ื ืฉืœื— ืœืชืงืŸ
ื”ืชืงืŸ ืคืœื˜. ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื™ืœื• ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื•
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื• ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื.

-t

ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื ืฉืœื— ืœื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ืคืœื˜ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™. ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”
ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ.

-u

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ unidiff ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ. ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ
ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”-unidiff, ืื– ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœืจืฉืช
ืืชื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ -u.

-V vn

ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืืช ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ RCS ื’ืจืกื” vn (ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”
ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืขื RCS ื’ืจืกื” 5). ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. cvs ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš
ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืืช ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื• RCS ื’ืจืกื” 5 ื›ืŸ.

rdiff ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช


ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื“ื•ืืจ ืž [ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ื“ื•ื"ืœ] ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื’ืจืกื” 1.2 ืœ-1.4
ืฉืœ ืžื”ื“ืจ tc. ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื˜ืœืื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืขื cvs ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช
ืชื•ืงืŸ ืขื ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื•:

$ cvs rdiff -c -r FOO1_2 -r FOO1_4 tc | \
$$ Mail -s 'ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉืช' [ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ื“ื•ื"ืœ]

ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฆืจืช ืืช ื’ืจืกื” 1.3, ื•ื—ื™ืœืงืช ืกื ื™ืฃ ืฉื ืงืจื R_1_3ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื‘ืื’ื™ื.
R_1_3_1 ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” 1.3.1, ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช
ื›ืžื” ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืกื ื™ืฃ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•:

$ cvs patch -s -r R_1_3_1 -r R_1_3fix module-name
cvs rdiff: ืฉื ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื ื”
File ChangeLog,v ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืžื’ืจืกื” 1.52.2.5 ืœ-1.52.2.6
ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ foo.c,v ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืžื’ืจืกื” 1.52.2.3 ืœ-1.52.2.4
ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ bar.h,v ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืžื’ืจืกื” 1.29.2.1 ืœ-1.2

ืœืฉื—ืจืจ


ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ื–ึถื” a ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ is ืœื ืขื•ื“ in ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ
ยท ืฉื—ืจืจ [-d] ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช...

ยท ื“ื•ืจืฉ: ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ยท ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื: ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.

ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ cvs ืœืชืฉืœื•ื. ืžืื– cvs ืœื
ืœื ืขื•ืœ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•. ืืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜
ืžื—ืง ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš, ืื ืชืจืฆื”; ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืžืกืชื›ืŸ ืœืื‘ื“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืš
ื ืฉื›ื—, ื•ืืชื” ืœื ืžืฉืื™ืจ ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ cvs ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”' ื‘
ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฉืœ CVS) ืฉื ื˜ืฉืช ืืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื.

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ cvs ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืœื•. ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื•ื“ืงืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื
ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื; ืฉืืชื” ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื“ ืžืขืœ ื cvs ืขื•ื‘ื“
ืžึทื“ืจึดื™ืš; ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืžืื’ืจ ืฉื ืจืฉื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืœืš ื–ื”ื” ืœืžืื’ืจ
ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืžืกื“ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ.

ืื ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, cvs ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื•
(ื”ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื ื˜ืฉืช ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœืš) ื‘- cvs ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.

ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช


ืืœ ื”ืื ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช:

-d

ืžื—ืง ืืช ืขื•ืชืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืื ื”ื”ืคืฆื” ืชืฆืœื™ื—. ืื ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ
ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืœืš ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš.

ืื–ื”ืจื”: ืืœ ื”ืื ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืžื•ื—ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื• ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื–ึถื” ื™ืฉ ืœ
ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื–ึถื” ื›ืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื–ึถื” ืืชื” ื™ืฉ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืึถืœึฐืšึธ
ื ื‘ื“ืง ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ื• ืœึนื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœ ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืื’ืจ (ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืคืงื•ื“ื”; ืœึดืจึฐืื•ึนืช ืฆื•ืžืช
'ืžื•ึนืกึดื™ืฃ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื' in ืžื” ื”ื™ื CVS ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœ) ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš be ื—ึถืจึถืฉื ื ืžื—ืง - ืืคื™ืœื• if it is ืœื ืจื™ืง!

ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืชืคื•ืงื”


ืœืคื ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื–ื” ื™ื“ืคื™ืก ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื›ืŸ
ืœื ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ.

U ืคื™ืœื”

P ืคื™ืœื”

ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ืจืกื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื” ื‘ืžืื’ืจ, ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื ื™ืช
ื”ืขื•ืชืง ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ (U ื• P ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ).

A ืคื™ืœื”

ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขื•ืชืง ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื
ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืžืื’ืจ. ืื ืชืžื—ืง ืืช ื”ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื”
ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ

R ืคื™ืœื”

ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื•ืกืจ ืžื”ืขื•ืชืง ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ืกืจ
ื”ื•ืกืจ ืžื”ืžืื’ืจ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื™ืฆืขืช ืืช ื”ื”ืกืจื”. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช
'ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

M ืคื™ืœื”

ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื ื’ืจืกื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืื’ืจ.

? ืคื™ืœื”

ืคื™ืœื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš, ืืš ืื™ื ื• ืชื•ืื ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ
ืžืื’ืจ, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ cvs ืœื”ืชืขืœื (ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ
ืžื” ื”ื™ื -I ืืคืฉืจื•ืช, ื•ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'cvsignore' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS). ืื ืชืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš
ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืื‘ื“.

ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช


ืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช tc ืกืคืจื™ื™ื”, ื•ืžื—ืง ืืช ืขื•ืชืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื.

$ cd .. # ืขืœื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ ืžืขืœ

# ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื ืคืงื” cvs ืœืฉื—ืจืจ.
$ cvs release -d tc
ื™ืฉ ืœืš [0] ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืื’ืจ ื–ื”.
ื”ืื ืืชื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ืš ืœืฉื—ืจืจ (ื•ืœืžื—ื•ืง) ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” `tc': y
$

ืฉืจืช & ืฉื•ืžืจ


ืœืคืขื•ืœ as a ืฉืจืช ืœ a ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช on stdin / stdout
ยท pserver [-c path]

ืฉืจืช [-c path]

ยท ื“ื•ืจืฉ: ืžืื’ืจ, ืฉื™ื—ืช ืœืงื•ื— ื‘-stdin/stdout

ยท ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื: ืžืื’ืจ ืื•, ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ, ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื—.

ืืœ ื”ืื ื™ cvs ืฉืจืช ื• ืฉื•ืžืจ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžืื’ืจ ืœืจื—ื•ืง
ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืคื” ืœืฉื™ื—ืช ืœืงื•ื— ื‘-stdin & stdout. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
ืžื•ืฉืงื™ื ืž inetd ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ssh (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืžืื’ืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS).

ืฉืจืช ืžืฆืคื” ืฉื”ืœืงื•ื— ื›ื‘ืจ ืื•ืฉืจ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช
ssh, ื• ืฉื•ืžืจ ืžื ืกื” ืœืืžืช ืืช ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืขืฆืžื•.

ืจืง ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืขื ืฉืจืช ื• ืฉื•ืžืจ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช:

-c ื ืชื™ื‘

ื˜ืขืŸ ืชืฆื•ืจื” ืž ื ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ $CVSROOT/CVSROOT/config
(ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'config' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS). ื ืชื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช /etc/cvs.conf ืื• ืงื™ื“ื•ืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
/etc/cvs/. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื ืชืžื›ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืž- cvs ื’ืจืกื” 1.12.13.

ืœืžืฆื•ืฅ


ื”ื•ืจื“ื” RCS ,v ืคื™ืœื” ื—ื™
ยท ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ/ื ืชื™ื‘ ืœืžืฆื•ืฅ

ยท ื“ื•ืจืฉ: ืžืื’ืจ

ืžืืชืจ ืืช ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ/ื ืชื™ื‘,v ืื• module/pa/Attic/th,v ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ื›-RCS
ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืคืกื™ืง-v.

ื”ืคืœื˜ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืคืกื™ืง-v, ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœ-CVS
ืžืื’ืจ, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ืฉื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.

ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ


ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืฅ in ืœืกื ื›ืจืŸ ืขื ืžืื’ืจ
ยท ืขื“ื›ืŸ [-ACdflPpR] [-I name] [-j rev [-j rev]] [-k kflag] [-r tag[:date] | -D ืชืืจื™ืš] [-W
spec] ืงื‘ืฆื™ื...

ยท ื“ื•ืจืฉ: ืžืื’ืจ, ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ยท ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื: ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืชืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืชืง ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ
ืžืื’ืจ, ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ืžืขืช ืœืขืช
ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ื ื•ื— ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœืš, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘- ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื”
ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื—ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื
ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืื– ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืื• ื”ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš. ื‘ืœื™ ื” -C ืื•ึนืคึผึฐืฆึดื™ึธื”, ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ
ื™ืžื–ื’ ื’ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืชืง ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœื”ื
ืœื›ืœ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื™ืขื“ ืฉืฆื•ื™ื ื• ืขื -r, -D, ืื• -A.

ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช


ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ (ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช' ื‘-CVS
ืžื“ืจื™ืš, ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืœื ืฉืœื”ื):

-D ื ืชื•ื ื™ื

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื ื™ืื•ื—ืจ ืž ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื“ื‘ื™ืงื”, ื•ืžืฉืชืžืขืช -P.
ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืชื’ื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS, ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืชื’ื™ื/ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื.

-f

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืจืง ืขื -D or -r ื“ื’ืœื™ื. ืื ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื’ืจืกื” ืชื•ืืžืช, ืื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”
ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” (ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ).

-k kflag

ืขื‘ื“ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ืœืคื™ kflag. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื—' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.
ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื“ื‘ื™ืงื”; ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื•
ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ kflag. ื” ืžืฆื‘ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช
'ื”ืคืขืœืช CVS' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS, ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืคืงื•ื“ื”.

-l

ืžึฐืงื•ึนืžึดื™; ื”ืคืขืœ ืจืง ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช. ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช' ื‘-CVS
ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœ.

-P

ื’ื–ื•ื ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ืช. ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

-p

ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืœืคืœื˜ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™.

-R

ืขื“ื›ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ (ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ). ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช' ื‘-CVS
ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœ.

-r ืชื’[:ื ืชื•ื ื™ื]

ืื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉืฆื•ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื’ ืื• ืžืชื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื• ืชื’ ื”ื•ื ืกื ื™ืฃ
ืชื’, ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืžื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ืชื’ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื“ื‘ื™ืงื”, ื•
ืžืจืžื– -P. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืชื’ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS, ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ื™ืง
ืชื’ื™ื•ืช/ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื. ืจืื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืืœื• ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื ืขื ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ.

-A

ืืคืก ื›ืœ ืชื’ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช, ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื• -k ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช. ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืชื’ื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS,
ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืชื’ื™ื/ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื.

-C

ื”ื—ืœืฃ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื ื• ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืขื ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื ืžื”ืžืื’ืจ (ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื”
ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ .#ืคื™ืœื”.ืจื‘ื™ื–ื™ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช).

-d

ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืื’ืจ ืื ื”ืŸ ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
ืžึทื“ืจึดื™ืš. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืจืง ืขืœ ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•
ืจืฉื•ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš.

ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืœืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืžืื’ืจ ืžืื– ื”
ืงื•ืคื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช; ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืชื•ืคืขืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืžืฆืขืจืช. ืื ื ืžื ืขืช ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”
ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืื’ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจืช ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš (ืื•
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ื”ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืืชื”
ืจืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื”), ื•ืื– ืžืขื“ื›ืŸ ืขื -d ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืืฉืจ
ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื”.

-I ืฉื

ื”ืชืขืœื ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืฉื (ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš) ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ. ืืชื”
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ -I ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ื.
ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ -I ! ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื. ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'cvsignore' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS,
ืœื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช cvs ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.

-Wืžืคืจื˜

ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืกื ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื•
ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.

ืžืคืจื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉื ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘-
.cvswrappers ืงื•ึนื‘ึถืฅ. ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'ืขื˜ื™ืคื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

-jืจื‘ื™ื–ื™ื”

ืขื ืฉืชื™ื™ื -j ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช, ืœืžื–ื’ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืฆื•ื™ื ื” ืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” -j ืื•ึนืคึผึฐืฆึดื™ึธื”
ืœื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ j ืืคืฉืจื•ืช, ืœืชื•ืš ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ืขื ืื—ื“ -j ืืคืฉืจื•ืช, ืœืžื–ื’ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืœื’ืจืกื” ืฉืฆื•ื™ื ื”
ืขื -j ืืคืฉืจื•ืช, ืœืชื•ืš ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ
ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื”ื’ืจืกื”
ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ -j ืื•ึนืคึผึฐืฆึดื™ึธื”.

ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ื ื’ืœ -j ืชื’ ืฉื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืœื -j ืฉื ื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื–ื’ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื
ืžืกื ื™ืฃ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื ื™ืกื™ืจ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืกืจื• ืžื”ืกื ื™ืฃ. ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช
'ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืจื•ืช' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš CVS, ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ.

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ -j ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืžืคืจื˜ ืชืืจื™ืš ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืืฉืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
ืขื ืกื ื™ืคื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœืื—ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืืจื™ืš ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™. ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™
ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ื™ื (:) ืœืชื’: -jืกื™ืžืœื™_ืชื’:ืžืคืจื˜_ืชืืจื™ืš.

ืจืื” ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื”ืกืชืขืคื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื–ื•ื’' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS.

ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืชืคื•ืงื”


ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื• ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืื•ืชืš ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืคืกืช ืฉื•ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ,
ืœืคื ื™ื• ืชื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ:

U ืคื™ืœื”

ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืื’ืจ. ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“
ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื’ืจ ืืš ืœื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš, ื•ืœืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉ
ืœื ืฉื™ื ื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ืš ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืื’ืจ.

P ืคื™ืœื”

ื›ืžื• U, ืื‘ืœ cvs ื”ืฉืจืช ืฉื•ืœื— ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืœื. ื–ื” ืžืฉื™ื’
ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื• U ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืคืก.

A ืคื™ืœื”

ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขื•ืชืง ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื™ืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ืœ-
ืžืื’ืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืœืš ื›ื™
ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘.

R ืคื™ืœื”

ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื•ืกืจ ืžื”ืขื•ืชืง ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืกืจ
ืžืžืื’ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ืฉืืชื” ืจืฅ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ืจืš
ืฉื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘.

M ืคื™ืœื”

ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš.

M ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœื™ื•: ืื• ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื•
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืžืื’ืจ, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืœืš ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”; ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื’ืจ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœืš, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื
ืžื•ื–ื’ื• ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืœืœื ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช, ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš.

cvs ื™ื“ืคื™ืก ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื ื–ื” ืžืžื–ื’ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš, ื•ืขื•ืชืง ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš
ืงื•ื‘ืฅ (ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืจืฆืช ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ) ื™ื™ืขืฉื”. ื”ืฉื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื•ื
ืžื•ื“ืคืก ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืจืฅ.

C ืคื™ืœื”

ื–ื•ื”ืชื” ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื–ื’ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš ืืœ ืคื™ืœื” ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”
ืžืื’ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช. ืคื™ืœื” (ื”ืขื•ืชืง ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš) ื”ื•ื ื›ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ
ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื–ื’ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช; ืขื•ืชืง ืœื ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืœืš ื ืžืฆื ื’ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืœืš
ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืขื ื”ืฉื .#ืคื™ืœื”.ืจื‘ื™ื–ื™ื” ืื™ืคื” ืจื‘ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ื™
ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื”ืฉืชื ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืž. ืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื›ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช 'ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช
ื“ื•ื’ืžื”' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS. (ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื˜ืงื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืงื‘ืฆื™ื
ื”ืชื—ืœ ืขื .# ืื ืœื ื ื™ื’ืฉื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื. ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื
ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœืš, ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืฉืžื•.) ืชื—ืช vms, ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ
ื”ืฉื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ __ ื•ืœื .#.

? ืคื™ืœื”

ืคื™ืœื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš, ืืš ืื™ื ื• ืชื•ืื ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ
ืžืื’ืจ, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ cvs ืœื”ืชืขืœื (ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ
ืžื” ื”ื™ื -I ืืคืฉืจื•ืช, ื•ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช 'cvsignore' ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-CVS).

ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื


ื“ื™ืง ื’ืจื•ืŸ
ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื” cvs ื’ืจืกืช ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜ ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ comp.sources.unix ื‘
ื›ืจืš 6 ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ, 1986. ื–ื›ื” ืœื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”- cvs ืกื›ืกื•ืš
ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.

ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืจ
ืงื•ื“ืŸ ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื” cvs ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ, 1989, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ
ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืง.

ื’'ืฃ ืคื•ืœืง
ืขื–ืจ ืœื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ cvs ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืขื ืฃ ืกืคืง
ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง(1) ื›ืชื‘ ืžืขื˜ืคืช (ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ cvs ืœื™ื™ื‘ื).

ืœืืจื™ ื’'ื•ื ืก, ื“ืจืง ืจ' ืคืจื™ื™ืก ื•ืžืืจืง ื“' ื‘ืื•ืฉืงื”
ืขื–ืจื• ืœืชื—ื–ืง cvs ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช.

ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืืŸ.

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ onworks.net


ืฉืจืชื™ื ื•ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื

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