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ืกืžืœ OnWorks

ipcsposix - ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืŸ

ื”ืคืขืœ ืืช ipcsposix ื‘ืกืคืง ืื™ืจื•ื— ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ืฉืœ OnWorks ืขืœ ืื•ื‘ื•ื ื˜ื• ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ, ืคื“ื•ืจื” ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ, ืืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ Windows ืื• ืืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ MAC OS

ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ipcsposix ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกืคืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื ืžื™ ืฉืœ OnWorks ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ Ubuntu Online, Fedora Online, ืืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ Windows ืื• ืืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ MAC OS

ืชึธื›ึฐื ึดื™ืช:

ืฉืึตื


ipcs - ื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืžืชืงื ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ XSI

ืชึทืงืฆึดื™ืจ


ipcs [โˆ’qms] [โˆ’a|โˆ’bcopt]

ืชื™ืื•ืจ


ืืœ ื”ืื ื™ ipcs ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ืช ืคืขื™ืœื”
ืžืชืงื ื™ื.

ืœืœื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืงืฆืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ
ืžืงื˜ืขื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืขืจื›ื™ ืกืžืคื•ืจ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื›ืขืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช. ืื—ืจืช,
ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ ื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ื™ื ื•.

ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช


ืืœ ื”ืื ื™ ipcs ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืชืื™ื ืœื ืคื— ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ POSIX.1-2008, ืกืขื™ืฃ
12.2, ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช.

ืืœ ื”ืื ื™ ipcs ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:

โˆ’q ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืชื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื™ื.

โˆ’ืž ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžืงื˜ืขื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื.

โˆ’ืก ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกืžืคื•ืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช.

If โˆ’q, โˆ’ืž, ืื• โˆ’ืก ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื, ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ืจืง ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืืœื”.
ืื ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœื” ืœื ืฆื•ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืชื ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ
ืœืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:

-ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื”. (ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ -ื‘, -ื’, โˆ’o, -ืขืž', ื•
โˆ’ืช.)

-ื‘ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ. (ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ื‘
ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื•ื›ืŸ
ืžืกืคืจ ืกืžืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื˜ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกืžืคื•ืจ.)

-ื’ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื•ืฉื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ; ืจืื” ืœืžื˜ื”.

โˆ’o ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ. (ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื•ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ
ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืœืชื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื
ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžืงื˜ืขื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื.)

-ืขืž' ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš. (ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื
ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื•ืžื–ื”ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื”
ืชื•ืจื™ื, ืžื–ื”ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืžื–ื”ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
ืœืฆืจืฃ ืื• ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื‘ืงื˜ืขื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื.)

โˆ’ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ. (ื–ืžืŸ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช
ื”ืจืฉืื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืชืงื ื™ื, ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ msgsnd() ื• msgrcv()
ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืžืื˜() ื• shmdt() ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ
ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืกืžื•ืค() ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืกืžืคื•ืจื•ืช.)

ืื•ืคืจื ื“ื™ื


ืื™ืŸ.

STDIN


ืœื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.

ืงืœื˜ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื


* ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื

* ืžืกื“ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื

ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช


ืžืฉืชื ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ipcs:

ืฉืคื” ืกืคืง ืขืจืš ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืชื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ืื•
ืจื™ืง. (ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื›ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ POSIX.1-2008, ืกืขื™ืฃ 8.2,
ื‘ื™ื ืื•ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื ืื•ื
ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช.)

LC_ALL ืื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืœืขืจืš ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช ืœื ืจื™ืงื”, ืขื•ืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
ืžืฉืชื ื™ ื‘ื™ื ืื•ื.

LC_CTYPE ืงื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฆืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื˜ืงืกื˜
ื›ืชื•ื•ื™ื (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘
ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื).

LC_MESSAGES
ืงื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื•ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ
ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืคื™ ืฉื’ื™ืืช ืชืงืŸ.

NLSPATH ืงื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ LC_MESSAGES.

TZ ืงื‘ืข ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ืจื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื•ื”ืฉืขื” ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ipcs. ืื TZ is
ืœื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืื• null, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ ืœื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ.

ืืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื


ื‘ึผึฐืจึดื™ืจึทืช ืžึถื—ื“ึธืœ.

STDOUT


ืชื™ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื•ืจืช ืžื‘ื•ื ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜:

"IPC ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืœ ืž- %s as of %s\n", <ืžึธืงื•ึนืจ>, <ื ืชื•ื ื™ื>

ืื™ืคื”ืžึธืงื•ึนืจ> ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื> ื”ื•ื ื”
ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ื•ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื POSIX.

ืืœ ื”ืื ื™ ipcs ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœ โˆ’q, โˆ’ืž, ื• โˆ’ืก
ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื“ื•ื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ืชื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื”ื“ื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื™
ื™ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืงื˜ืขื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื•ื”ื“ื•ื— ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื™ืฆื™ื™ืŸ
ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกืžืคื•ืจ.

ืื ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืชืงืŸ ืื• ืฉืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืื– ื”ืืชื—ื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
ืื– ื”ื“ื•ื— ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜:

"%s ืžืชืงืŸ ืœึนื in ืžืขืจื›ืช.\n", <ืžืชืงืŸ>

ืื™ืคื”ืžืชืงืŸ> ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืชื•ืจ, ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืื• ืกืžืคื•ืจ, ื›ืจืื•ื™. ืื ื”
ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื•ืชืงืŸ ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืื– ื”ืืชื—ื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช
ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ื ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘
ื›ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ืฉื ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜:

"%s:\n", <ืžืชืงืŸ>

ืื™ืคื”ืžืชืงืŸ> ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืชื•ืจื™ื, ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืื• ืกืžืคื•ืจื•ืช, ื›ืจืื•ื™. ืขืœ
ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ืื ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื“ื•ื—.

ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ื™ื ืชืŸ ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœื”ืœืŸ; ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช
ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื”; ``ื”ื›ืœ'' ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื”ืขืžื•ื“ื”
ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื•ืคื™ืข. ื›ืœ ืขืžื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืคืจื“ืช ื‘ืื—ื“ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช. ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช
ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืจืง ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืกื•ืคืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื“ื•ื—; ื”ื ืœื
ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื™ืœื• ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ื.

T (ื”ื›ืœ) ืกื•ื’ ืžืชืงืŸ:

q ืชื•ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช.

ืžืงื˜ืข ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.

s ืกืžืคื•ืจ.

ืฉื“ื” ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %c.

ืžื–ื”ื” (ื”ื›ืœ) ื”ืžื–ื”ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืชืงืŸ. ืฉื“ื” ื–ื” ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”-
ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜ %d.

KEY (ื”ื›ืœ) ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืืจื’ื•ืžื ื˜ ืœ msgget(), semget(), ืื• ืฉืžื’ื˜() ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช
ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืชืงืŸ.

ื”ืขืจื”: ื”ืžืคืชื— ืฉืœ ืžืงื˜ืข ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœ-IPC_PRIVATE ื›ืืฉืจ
ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ื•ืกืจ ืขื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืคื™ื ืœ-
ืงื˜ืข ืœื ืชืง ืื•ืชื•.

ืฉื“ื” ื–ื” ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ 0x%x.

MODE (ื”ื›ืœ) ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžืชืงืŸ ื•ื“ื’ืœื™ื. ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ 11 ืชื•ื•ื™ื
ืฉืžืชืคืจืฉื™ื ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ.

ื”ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื”:

S ืื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื—ื›ื” ืขืœ ื msgsnd() ืคืขื•ืœื”.

- ืื ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ.

ื”ืชื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื”:

R ืื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื—ื›ื” ืขืœ ื msgrcv() ืคืขื•ืœื”.

C ืื• - ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ืžืงื˜ืข ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ืš ื›ืืฉืจ
ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขืช.

- ืื ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ.

ืชืฉืขืช ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื™ืชืคืจืฉื• ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื
ื›ืœ ืื—ื“. ื”ืกื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืจืฉืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื; ื”ื‘ื ืœื”ืจืฉืื•ืช
ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืชืงืŸ; ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืกื˜, ื”ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืืช ืงืจื™ืื”, ื”ืฉื ื™
ืชื• ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืขืจืš ื”ืžืชืงืŸ, ื•ื”-
ื”ืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ืก ('-').

ื”ื”ืจืฉืื•ืช ื™ืฆื•ื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื:

r ืื ืชื™ื ืชืŸ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืงืจื™ืื”.

w ืื ืชื™ื ืชืŸ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”.

a ืื ืชื™ื ืชืŸ ื”ืจืฉืื”.

- ืื ื”ื”ืจืฉืื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœื ื ื™ืชื ืช.

ื”ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืจืฉืื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื™ืฉ
ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืงืจืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช ืื• ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืžืชืงืŸ. ืื
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืงืจืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช ืื• ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœ-
ืžืชืงืŸ, ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘; ืื—ืจืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื“ืคืกื” ืื—ืจ
ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”.

OWNER (ื”ื›ืœ) ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืจืš ื”ืžืชืงืŸ. ืื ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉืœ
ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืกื“ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %s. ืื—ืจืช, ืžื–ื”ื” ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉืœ
ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %d.

GROUP (ื”ื›ืœ) ืฉื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืจืš ื”ืžืชืงืŸ. ืื ืฉื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ
ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืกื“ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %s. ืื—ืจืช ื”
ืžื–ื”ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %d.

ืชืฉืข ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ื• ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช:

ื‘ื•ืจื (a,c)
ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืขืจืš ื”ืžืชืงืŸ. ืื ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉืœ
ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืกื“ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %s. ืื—ืจืช ื”
ืžื–ื”ื” ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %d.

CGROUP (a,c)
ืฉื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืขืจืš ื”ืžืชืงืŸ. ืื ืฉื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ
ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืกื“ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %s. ืื—ืจืช ื”
ืžื–ื”ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %d.

CBYTES (a,o)
ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ืš
ืชื•ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช. ืฉื“ื” ื–ื” ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %d.

QNUM (a,o) ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืขืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ืš.
ืฉื“ื” ื–ื” ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %d.

QBYTES (a,b)
ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ืš
ืชื•ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช. ืฉื“ื” ื–ื” ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %d.

LSPID (a,p) ืžื–ื”ื” ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืœืชื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ืš.
ืฉื“ื” ื–ื” ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜:

"%d", <PID>

ืื™ืคื”PID> ื”ื•ื 0 ืื ืœื ื ืฉืœื—ื” ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืœื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื”
ืชื•ึนืจ; ืื—ืจืช,PID> ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื”ื” ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื
ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืœืชื•ืจ.

LRPID (a,p) ืžื–ื”ื” ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื”ืžืฉื•ื™ืš
ืชื•ึนืจ. ืฉื“ื” ื–ื” ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜:

"%d", <PID>

ืื™ืคื”PID> ื”ื•ื 0 ืื ืœื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื”ืžืชืื™ื
ืชื•ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช; ืื—ืจืช,PID> ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื”ื” ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœ
ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจ.

STIME (a,t) ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืœืชื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ืš. ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื“ืขื”
ื ืฉืœื— ืœืชื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ื, ื”ืฉืขื”, ื”ื“ืงื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ
ื”ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื” ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืœืชื•ืจ ืชื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”-
ืคื•ึผืจืžึธื˜ %d:%2.2ื“:%2.2ื“. ืื—ืจืช, ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ " ืื™ืŸ ื›ื ื™ืกื”" ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘.

RTIME (a,t) ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ืš. ืื
ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžืชื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ื, ื”ืฉืขื”,
ื“ืงื”, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจ
ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %d:%2.2ื“:%2.2ื“. ืื—ืจืช, ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ " ืœื-
ื›ึผึฐื ึดื™ืกึธื”" ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘.

ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ื• ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืงื˜ืขื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.

ื‘ื•ืจื (a,c)
ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืขืจืš ื”ืžืชืงืŸ. ืื ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ
ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืกื“ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ
ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %s. ืื—ืจืช, ืžื–ื”ื” ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉืœ
ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %d.

CGROUP (a,c)
ืฉื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืขืจืš ื”ืžืชืงืŸ. ืื ืฉื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ
ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืกื“ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %s. ืื—ืจืช ื”
ืžื–ื”ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %d.

NATTCH (a,o)
ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืงื˜ืข ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ืš. ื–ึถื”
ื”ืฉื“ื” ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %d.

SEGSZ (a,b) ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืงื˜ืข ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ืš. ืฉื“ื” ื–ื” ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %d.

CPID (a,p) ืžื–ื”ื” ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืขืจืš ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ. ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื”
ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %d.

LPID (a,p) ืžื–ื”ื” ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืื• ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ
ืžึดื’ื–ึธืจ. ืฉื“ื” ื–ื” ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜:

"%d", <PID>

ืื™ืคื”PID> ื”ื•ื 0 ืื ืืฃ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ืžืชืื™ื
ืžึดื’ื–ึธืจ; ืื—ืจืช,PID> ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื”ื” ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœ
ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืื• ืœื ืชืง ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืข.

ื–ืžืŸ (a,t) ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื˜ืข ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ืš
ื”ื•ืฉืœื. ืื ืงื˜ืข ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืžื“ ืื™ ืคืขื,
ื”ืฉืขื”, ื”ื“ืงื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืงื˜ืข ืฆื•ืจืฃ ื™ื”ื™ื•
ืœื”ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %d:%2.2ื“:%2.2ื“. ืื—ืจืช, ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ " ืื™ืŸ ื›ื ื™ืกื”"
ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘.

DTIME (a,t) ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื˜ืข ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ืš
ื”ื•ืฉืœื. ืื ืงื˜ืข ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ืชื•ืื ื ื•ืชืง ืื™ ืคืขื,
ื”ืฉืขื”, ื”ื“ืงื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืงื˜ืข ื ื•ืชืง ื™ื”ื™ื•
ืœื”ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %d:%2.2ื“:%2.2ื“. ืื—ืจืช, ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ " ืื™ืŸ ื›ื ื™ืกื”"
ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘.

ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ื• ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกืžืคื•ืจ:

ื‘ื•ืจื (a,c)
ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืขืจืš ื”ืžืชืงืŸ. ืื ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ
ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืกื“ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ
ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %s. ืื—ืจืช, ืžื–ื”ื” ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉืœ
ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %d.

CGROUP (a,c)
ืฉื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืขืจืš ื”ืžืชืงืŸ. ืื ืฉื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ
ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืกื“ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %s. ืื—ืจืช ื”
ืžื–ื”ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %d.

NSEMS (a,b) ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกืžืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื˜ ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ืš ืœืขืจืš ื”ืกืžืคื•ืจ. ื–ึถื”
ื”ืฉื“ื” ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %d.

OTIME (a,t) ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืกืžืคื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื˜ ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ืš ืœืกืžืคื•ืจ
ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื”. ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืคืขื•ืœืช ืกืžืคื•ืจ ืขืœ
ืกื˜ ืกืžืคื•ืจ ืžืชืื™ื, ื”ืฉืขื”, ื”ื“ืงื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
ืคืขื•ืœืช ืกืžืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกืžืคื•ืจ ืชื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜
%d:%2.2ื“:%2.2ื“. ืื—ืจืช, ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ " ืื™ืŸ ื›ื ื™ืกื”" ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘.

ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืชื™ื›ืชื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืชื‘ืงืฉ:

CTIME (a,t) ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ืฉืขื”, ื”ื“ืงื” ื•
ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ืš ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ %d:%2.2ื“:%2.2ื“.

STDERR


ื”ืฉื’ื™ืื” ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช ืชืฉืžืฉ ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ.

ืชืคื•ืงื” ืงื‘ืฆื™ื


ืื™ืŸ.

ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ืื•ืจ


ืื™ืŸ.

ื™ึฐืฆึดื™ืึธื” ืกื˜ึธื˜ื•ึผืก


ื™ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

0 ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช.

>0 ืื™ืจืขื” ืฉื’ื™ืื”.

ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช OF ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช


ื‘ึผึฐืจึดื™ืจึทืช ืžึถื—ื“ึธืœ.

ืืœ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืึดื™ื ืคื•ึนืจืžึธื˜ึดื™ื‘ึดื™.

ื‘ืงืฉื” ื ื•ื”ื’


ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ipcs ืจืฅ; ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—
ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืื•ื—ื–ืจ.

ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช


ืื™ืŸ.

Rationalale


ืื™ืŸ.

FUTURE ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื


ืื™ืŸ.

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘-ipcsposix ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ onworks.net


ืฉืจืชื™ื ื•ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื

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