httperf - Online in the Cloud

PROGRAM:

NAME

httperf - HTTP performance measurement tool

SYNOPSIS

httperf [--add-header S] [--burst-length N] [--client I/N] [--close-with-reset]
[-d|--debug N] [--failure-status N] [-h|--help] [--hog] [--http-version S] [--max-
connections N] [--max-piped-calls N] [--method S] [--no-host-hdr] [--num-calls N] [--num-
conns N] [--period [d|u|e]T1[,T2]] [--port N] [--print-reply [header|body]] [--print-
request [header|body]] [--rate X] [--recv-buffer N] [--retry-on-failure] [--send-buffer N]
[--server S] [--server-name S] [--session-cookie] [--ssl] [--ssl-ciphers L] [--ssl-no-
reuse] [--think-timeout X] [--timeout X] [--uri S] [-v|--verbose] [-V|--version] [--wlog
y|n,F] [--wsess N,N,X] [--wsesslog N,X,F] [--wset N,X]

DESCRIPTION

httperf is a tool to measure web server performance. It speaks the HTTP protocol both in
its HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1 flavors and offers a variety of workload generators. While
running, it keeps track of a number of performance metrics that are summarized in the form
of statistics that are printed at the end of a test run. The most basic operation of
httperf is to generate a fixed number of HTTP GET requests and to measure how many replies
(responses) came back from the server and at what rate the responses arrived.

IMPORTANT: To obtain correct results, it is necessary to run at most one httperf process
per client machine. Also, there should be as few background processes as possible both on
the client and server machines.

EXAMPLES

httperf --hog --server www
This command causes httperf to create a connection to host www, send a request for
the root document (http://www/), receive the reply, close the connection, and then
print some performance statistics.

httperf --hog --server www --num-conns 100 --ra 10 --timeout 5
Like above, except that a total of 100 connections are created and that connections
are created at a fixed rate of 10 per second. Note that option ``--rate'' has been
abbreviated to ``--ra''.

httperf --hog --server=www --wsess=10,5,2 --rate 1 --timeout 5
Causes httperf to generate a total of 10 sessions at a rate of 1 session per
second. Each session consists of 5 calls that are spaced out by 2 seconds.

httperf --hog --server=www --wsess=10,5,2 --rate=1 --timeout=5 --ssl
Like above, except that httperf contacts server www via SSL at port 443 (the
default port for SSL connections).

httperf --hog --server www --wsess=10,5,2 --rate=1 --timeout=5 --ssl
--ssl-ciphers=EXP-RC4-MD5:EXP-RC2-CBC-MD5 --ssl-no-reuse --http-version=1.0
Like above, except that httperf will inform the server that it can only select from
two cipher suites (EXP-RC4-MD5 or EXP-RC2-CBC-MD5); furthermore, httperf will use
HTTP version 1.0 which requires a new TCP connection for each request. Also, SSL
session ids are not reused, so the entire SSL connection establishment process
(known as the SSL handshake) occurs for each connection.

OPTIONS

The operation of httperf can be controlled through a number of options. The tool supports
both short (one-character) and long (arbitrary-length) option names. Short options are
prefixed with a single leading dash (-), long options with a double-dash (--). Multiple
short options can be grouped together (e.g., ``-vV'' is equivalent to ``-v -V'') and long
options can be abbreviated so long as they remain unique. Parameters to options can be
specified either by following the long option name with an equal sign and the parameter
value (e.g., --burst=10) or by separating the option name and value with whitespace (e.g.,
--burst 10).

--add-header=S
Specifies to include string S as an additional request header. It is necessary to
specify the terminating carriage-return/line-feed sequence explicitly. This can be
done by using the escape sequence ``\n''. This makes it possible to include
multiple request headers. For example, ``--add-header "Referer: foo\nAuth:
secret\n"'' would add two request headers (``Referer'' and ``Auth'') to each
request. Other supported escape sequences are ``\r'' (carriage-return), ``\a''
(line-feed), ``\\'' (backslash), and ``\N'' where N is the code the character to be
inserted (in octal).

--burst-length=N
Specifies the length of bursts. Each burst consists of N calls to the server. The
exact meaning of this parameter depends on the workload generator. For regular
request-oriented workloads, see the description of option --wsess.

--no-host-hdr
Specifies that the "Host:" header should not be included when issuing an HTTP
request.

--num-calls.
For session-oriented workloads, see the description of option --wsess.

--client=I/N
Specifies that the machine httperf is running on is client I out of a total of N
clients. I should be in the range from 0 to N-1. Some of the workload generators
(e.g., --wset) use the client identity as a bias value to ensure that not all
clients generate perfectly identical workloads. When performing a test that
involves several client machines, it is generally a good idea to specify this
option.

--close-with-reset
Requests that httperf closes TCP connections by sending a RESET instead of going
through the normal TCP connection shutdown handshake. Turning on this option can
have ill effects such as data corruption, stuck TCP control blocks, or wrong
results. For this reason, the option should not be used unless absolutely
necessary and even then it should not be used unless its implications are fully
understood.

-d=N

--debug=N
Set debug level to N. Larger values of N will result in more output.

--failure-status=N
Specifies that an HTTP response status code of N should be treated as a failure
(i.e., treated as if the request had timed out, for example). For example, with
``--failure-status=504'' responses with an HTTP status of ``504 Gateway Time-out''
would be considered failures. Caveat: this option is currently supported for
session workloads only (see the --wsess and --wsesslog options).

-h

--help Prints a summary of available options and their parameters.

--hog This option requests to use up as many TCP ports as necessary. Without this
option, httperf is typically limited to using ephemeral ports (in the range from
1024 to 5000). This limited port range can quickly become a bottleneck so it is
generally a good idea to specify this option for serious testing. Also, this
option must be specified when measuring NT servers since it avoids a TCP
incompatibility between NT and UNIX machines.

--http-version=S
Specifies the version string that should be included in the requests sent to the
server. By default, version string ``1.1'' is used. This option can be set to
``1.0'' to force the generation of HTTP/1.0 requests. Setting this option to any
value other than ``1.0'' or ``1.1'' may result in undefined behavior.

--max-connections=N
Specifies that at most N connections are opened for each session. This option is
meaningful in conjunction with options --wsess and --wsesslog only.

--max-piped-calls=N
Specifies that at most N pipelined calls are issued on each connection. This
option is meaningful in conjunction with options --wsess and --wsesslog only.

--method=S
Specifies the method that should be used when issuing an HTTP request. If this
option is not specified, the GET method is used. The method S can be an arbitrary
string but is usually one of GET, HEAD, PUT, POST, etc.

--num-calls=N
This option is meaningful for request-oriented workloads only. It specifies the
total number of calls to issue on each connection before closing it. If N is
greater than 1, the server must support persistent connections. The default value
for this option is 1. If --burst-length is set to B, then the N calls are issued
in bursts of B pipelined calls each. Thus, the total number of such bursts will be
N/B (per connection).

--num-conns=N
This option is meaningful for request-oriented workloads only. It specifies the
total number of connections to create. On each connection, calls are issued as
specified by options --num-calls and --burst-length. A test stops as soon as the N
connections have either completed or failed. A connection is considered to have
failed if any activity on the connection fails to make forward progress for more
than the time specified by the timeout options --timeout and --think-timeout. The
default value for this option is 1.

--period=[D]T1[,T2]
Specifies the time interval between the creation of connections or sessions.
Connections are created by default, sessions if option --wsess or --wsesslog has
been specified. This connection/session ``interarrival time'' can alternatively be
specified by the --rate option, although more flexibility is available with
--period. The D parameter specifies the interarrival time distribution. If
omitted or set to ``d'', a deterministic (i.e., fixed) period is used as specified
by parameter T1 in units of seconds. If D is set to ``e'', an exponential (i.e.,
Poisson) distribution is used with a mean interarrival time of T1. Finally, if D
is set to ``u'', a uniform distribution over the interval [T1,T2) is used for the
interarrival time. In all cases, a period of 0 results in connections or sessions
being generated sequentially (a new connection/session is initiated as soon as the
previous one completes). The default value for this option is 0. Note that
specifying, for example, --rate=5 is equivalent to specifying --period=d0.2 or
--period=0.2. By specifying --period=u1,3, the interarrival times will be randomly
chosen from the interval between 1 and 3 seconds. The specific sequence of
(pseudo-)random interarrival times are identical from one httperf run to another as
long as the values for the --period and --client options are identical.

--port=N
This option specifies the port number N on which the web server is listening for
HTTP requests. By default, httperf uses port number 80.

--print-reply[=[header|body]]
Requests the printing of the reply headers, body, and summary. The output is
directed to standard output. Reply header lines are prefixed by "RH", reply body
lines are prefixed by "RB", and the reply-size summary is prefixed by "RS". The
prefix is followed by a serial number that uniquely identifies the call that the
reply line is for and a colon (":") character that marks the beginning of the
actual reply line. To print only reply headers, pass argument header to this
option. To print only the reply body, pass argument body to this option.

--print-request[=[header|body]]
Requests the printing of the request headers, body (if one is present), and
summary. The output is directed to standard output. Request header lines are
prefixed by "SH", request body lines are prefixed by "SB", and the request summary
is prefixed by "SS". The prefix is followed by the call's serial number and a
colon (":") character that marks the beginning of the actual reply line. To print
only request headers, pass argument header to this option. To print only the
request body, pass argument body to this option.

--rate=X
Specifies the fixed rate at which connections or sessions are created. Connections
are created by default, sessions if option --wsess or --wsesslog has been
specified. In both cases a rate of 0 results in connections or sessions being
generated sequentially (a new session/connection is initiated as soon as the
previous one completes). The default value for this option is 0.

--recv-buffer=N
Specifies the maximum size of the socket receive buffers used to receive HTTP
replies. By default, the limit is 16KB. A smaller value may help memory-
constrained clients whereas a larger value may be necessary when communicating with
a server over a high-bandwidth, high-latency connection.

--retry-on-failure
This option is meaningful for session workloads only (see the --wsess and
--wsesslog options). If specified, a call that results in a failure response (as
defined by the --failure-status option) is retried immediately instead of causing
the session to fail.

--send-buffer=N
Specifies the maximum size of the socket send buffers used to send HTTP requests.
By default, the limit is 4KB. A smaller value may help memory-constrained clients
whereas a larger value may be necessary when generating large requests to a server
connected via a high-bandwidth, high-latency connection.

--server=S
Specifies the IP hostname of the server. By default, the hostname ``localhost'' is
used. This option should always be specified as it is generally not a good idea to
run the client and the server on the same machine.

--server-name=S
Specifies the (default) server name that appears in the "Host:" header of every
request sent by httperf. Without this option, the host name (or IP address)
specified by option --server is used instead.

--session-cookie
When this option is turned on, cookie management is enabled on a per-session basis.
What this means is that if a reply to a request that was generated by session X
contains a cookie, then all future requests sent by session X will include this
cookie as well. At present, the cookie manager in httperf supports only one cookie
per session. If a second cookie is received, the new cookie overwrites the
existing one and a warning message is printed if ``--debug 1'' is on.

--ssl Specifies that all communication between httperf and the server should utilize the
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol. This option is available only if httperf was
compiled with SSL support enabled.

--ssl-ciphers=L
This option is only meaningful if SSL is in use (see --ssl option). This option
specifies the list L of cipher suites that httperf may use in negotiating a secure
connection with the server. If the list contains more than one cipher suite, the
ciphers must be separated by a colon. If the server does not accept any of the
listed cipher suites, the connection establishment will fail and httperf will exit
immediately. If this option is not specified when the --ssl option is present then
httperf will use all of the SSLv3 cipher suites provided by the underlying SSL
library.

--ssl-no-reuse
This option is only meaningful if SSL and sessions are in use (see --ssl, --wsess,
--wsesslog). When an SSL connection is established the client receives a session
identifier (session id) from the server. On subsequent SSL connections, the client
normally reuses this session id in order to avoid the expense of repeating the
(slow) SSL handshake to establish a new SSL session and obtain another session id
(even if the client attempts to re-use a session id, the server may force the
client to renegotiate a session). By default httperf reuses the session id across
all connections in a session. If the --ssl-no-reuse option is in effect, then
httperf will not reuse the session id, and the entire SSL handshake will be
performed for each new connection in a session.

--think-timeout=X
Specifies the maximum time that the server may need to initiate sending the reply
for a given request. Note that this timeout value is added to the normal timeout
value (see option --timeout). When accessing static web content, it is usually not
necessary to specify this option. However, when performing tests with long-running
CGI scripts, it may be necessary to use this option to allow for larger response-
times. The default value for this option is zero seconds, meaning that the server
has to be able to respond within the normal timeout value.

--timeout=X
Specifies the amount of time X that httperf is willing to wait for a server
reaction. The timeout is specified in seconds and can be a fractional number
(e.g., --timeout 3.5). This timeout value is used when establishing a TCP
connection, when sending a request, when waiting for a reply, and when receiving a
reply. If during any of those activities a request fails to make forward progress
within the alloted time, httperf considers the request to have died, closes the
associated connection or session and increases the client-timo error count. The
actual timeout value used when waiting for a reply is the sum of this timeout and
the think-timeout (see option --think-timeout). By default, the timeout value is
infinity.

--uri=S
Specifies that URI S should be accessed on the server. For some of the workload
generators (e.g., --wset), this option specifies the prefix for the URIs being
accessed.

-v

--verbose
Puts httperf into verbose mode. In this mode, additional output such as the
individual reply rate samples and connection lifetime histogram are printed.

-V

--version
Prints the version of httperf.

--wlog=B,F
This option can be used to generate a specific sequence of URI accesses. This is
useful to replay the accesses recorded in a server log file, for example.
Parameter F is the name of a file containing the ASCII NUL separated list of URIs
that should be accessed. If parameter B is set to ``y'', httperf will wrap around
to the beginning of the file when reaching the end of the list (so the list of URIs
is accessed repeatedly). With B set to ``n'', the test will stop no later than
when reaching the end of the URI list.

--wsess=N1,N2,X
Requests the generation and measurement of sessions instead of individual requests.
A session consists of a sequence of bursts which are spaced out by the user think-
time. Each burst consists of a fixed number L of calls to the server (L is
specified by option --burst-length). The calls in a burst are issued as follows:
at first, a single call is issued. Once the reply to this first call has been
fully received, all remaining calls in the burst are issued concurrently. The
concurrent calls are issued either as pipelined calls on an existing persistent
connection or as individual calls on separate connections. Whether a persistent
connection is used depends on whether the server responds to the first call with a
reply that includes a ``Connection: close'' header line. If such a line is
present, separate connections are used.

The option specifies the following parameters: N1 is the total number of sessions
to generate, N2 is the number of calls per session, and X is the user think-time
(in seconds) that separates consecutive call bursts. For example, the options
``--wsess=100,50,10 --burst-len 5'' would result in 100 sessions with a total of 50
calls each. Since each burst has a length of 5 calls, a total of 10 call bursts
would be generated per session. The user think-time between call bursts would be
10 seconds. Note that user think-time X denotes the time between receiving the
last reply of the previous call burst and the sending of the first request of the
next burst.

A test involving sessions finishes as soon as the requested number N1 of sessions
have either failed or completed. A session is considered to have failed if any
operation in a session takes longer than the timeouts specified by options
--timeout and --think-timeout. In addition, a session also fails if the server
returns a reply with a status code matching the one specified by option --failure-
status.

--wsesslog=N,X,F
This specifies a session workload generator similar to --wsess (please read that
description first). With --wsesslog though, many aspects of user sessions,
including the number and sequence of URI's, request method, think-time and burst-
length parameters, can be specified in an input file F. Two other parameters are
retained from --wsess, namely N, the number of sessions to initiate, and X, the
burst-to-burst user think time (note that this becomes a default time since the
input file F can also specify user think time on a per-burst basis. A small
example input file can most-easily show the settable parameters:

# Comment lines start with a ``#'' as the first
# character. Lines with only whitespace delimit
# sessions (multiple blank lines do not generate
# ``null'' sessions). All other lines specify a
# uri-sequence (1 uri per line). If the first
# character of the line is whitespace (e.g. space
# or tab), the uri is considered to be part of a
# burst that is sent out after the previous
# non-burst uri.

# session 1 definition (this is a comment)
/foo.html think=2.0
/pict1.gif
/pict2.gif
/foo2.html method=POST contents='Post data'
/pict3.gif
/pict4.gif

# session 2 definition
/foo3.html method=POST contents="Multiline\ndata"
/foo4.html method=HEAD

The above description specifies 2 sessions. The first session will start with a
request for /foo.html. When the /foo.html response comes back, a burst of 2
requests will follow (/pict1.gif and /pict2.gif). When the last of those responses
is received, a two second user think time is inserted before the next request of
/foo2.html is issued. This request is sent as a POST. The posted data can be
contained between single- or double-quotes. Newlines can appear within posted data
as ``\n'' or as a ``\<CR>''. The /foo2.html response is followed by a burst
request of /pict3.gif and /pict4.gif, which concludes this session. The second
session is started some time after the first, as specified by the --rate or
--period options.

The second session consists of 2 requests separated by the default user think time
as specified by the X parameter of the --wsesslog option. If the N parameter of
--wsesslog is greater than the number of sessions defined in input file F, then the
defined sessions are used repeatedly until N sessions have been created (i.e., the
defined sessions are used in a round-robin fashion).

One should avoid using --wsesslog in conjunction with other httperf options that
also control session behavior and workload URI's, namely --burst-length, --wsess,
--wlog, and --wset.

--wset=N,X
This option can be used to walk through a list of URIs at a given rate. Parameter
N specifies the number of distinct URIs that should be generated and X specifies
the rate at which new URIs are accessed. A rate of 0.25 would mean that the same
URI would be accessed four times in a row before moving on to the next URI. This
type of access pattern is useful in generating a workload that induces a relatively
predictable amount of traffic in the disk I/O subsystem of the server (assuming N
and the accessed files are big enough to exceed the server's buffer cache). The
URIs generated are of the form prefix/path.html, where prefix is the URI prefix
specified by option --wset and path is generated as follows: for the i-th file in
the working set, write down i in decimal, prefixing the number with as many zeroes
as necessary to get a string that has as many digits as N-1. Then insert a slash
character between each digit. For example, the 103rd file in a working set
consisting of 1024 files would result in a path of ``0/1/0/3''. Thus, if the URI-
prefix is /wset1024, then the URI being accessed would be /wset1024/0/1/0/3.html.
In other words, the files on the server need to be organized as a 10ary tree.

OUTPUT

This section describes the statistics output at the end of each test run. The basic
information shown below is printed independent of the selected workload generator.

Total: connections 30000 requests 29997 replies 29997 test-duration 299.992 s

Connection rate: 100.0 conn/s (10.0 ms/conn, <=14 concurrent connections)
Connection time [ms]: min 1.4 avg 3.0 max 163.4 median 1.5 stddev 7.3
Connection time [ms]: connect 0.6
Connection length [replies/conn]: 1.000

Request rate: 100.0 req/s (10.0 ms/req)
Request size [B]: 75.0

Reply rate [replies/s]: min 98.8 avg 100.0 max 101.2 stddev 0.3 (60 samples)
Reply time [ms]: response 2.4 transfer 0.0
Reply size [B]: header 242.0 content 1010.0 footer 0.0 (total 1252.0)
Reply status: 1xx=0 2xx=29997 3xx=0 4xx=0 5xx=0

CPU time [s]: user 94.31 system 205.26 (user 31.4% system 68.4% total 99.9%)
Net I/O: 129.6 KB/s (1.1*10^6 bps)

Errors: total 3 client-timo 0 socket-timo 0 connrefused 3 connreset 0
Errors: fd-unavail 0 addrunavail 0 ftab-full 0 other 0

There are six groups of statistics: overall results (``Total''), connection related
results (``Connection''), results relating to the issuing of HTTP requests (``Request''),
results relating to the replies received from the server (``Reply''), miscellaneous
results relating to the CPU (``CPU'') and network (``Net I/O'') utilization and, last but
not least, a summary of errors encountered (``Errors'').

Total Section
This section summarizes how many TCP connections were initiated by httperf, how
many requests it sent out, how many replies it received, and what the total test
duration was. In the example output shown above, 30,000 connections were created,
29,997 requests were sent out and 29,997 replies were received. The duration of
the test was almost exactly 5 minutes (300 seconds).

Connection Section
This section conveys information related to TCP connections generated by the tool.
Specifically, the ``Connection rate'' line shows that new connections were
initiated at a rate of 100.0 connections per second. This rate corresponds to a
period of 10.0 milliseconds per connection. The last number in this line shows
that at most 14 connections were open at any given time.

The first line labeled ``Connection time'' gives lifetime statistics for successful
connections. The lifetime of a connection is the time between a TCP connection is
initiated and the time the connection is closed. A connection is considered
successful if it had at least one call that completed successfully. In the example
output, the line indicates that the minimum (``min'') connection lifetime was 1.4
milliseconds, the average (``avg'') lifetime was 3.0 milliseconds, the maximum
(``max'') was 163.4 milliseconds, the median (``median'') lifetime was 1.5
milliseconds, and that the standard deviation of the lifetimes was 7.3
milliseconds. The median lifetime is computed based on a histogram with one
millisecond resolution and a maximum lifetime of 100 seconds. Thus, the median is
accurate to within half a millisecond if at least half of the successful
connections have a lifetime of no more than 100 seconds.

The next statistic in this section is the average time it took to establish a TCP
connection. Only successful TCP connection establishments are counted. In the
example, the second line labeled ``Connection time'' shows that, on average, it
took 0.6 milliseconds to establish a connection.

The final line in this section is labeled ``Connection length.'' It gives the
average number of replies received on each connection that received at least one
reply (i.e., connections that failed before yielding the first reply are not
counted). This number can be bigger than 1.0 due to persistent connections.

Request Section
The line labeled ``Request rate'' gives the rate at which HTTP requests were issued
and the period that this rate corresponds to. In the example above, the request
rate was 100.0 requests per second, which corresponds to 10.0 milliseconds per
request. As long as no persistent connections are employed, the results in this
section are very similar or identical to results in the connection section.
However, when persistent connections are used, several calls can be performed on a
single connection in which case the results would be different.

The line labeled ``Request size'' gives the average size of the HTTP requests in
bytes. In the example above, the average request size was 75 bytes.

Reply Section
For simple measurements, this section is often the most interesting one as the line
labeled ``Reply rate'' gives various statistics for the reply rate. In the example
above, the minimum (``min'') reply rate was 98.8 replies per second, the average
(``avg'') was 100 replies per second, and the maximum (``max'') rate was 101.2
replies per second. The standard deviation was 0.3 replies per second. The number
enclosed in parentheses shows that 60 reply rate samples were acquired. At
present, httperf collects a rate sample once every five seconds. To obtain a
meaningful standard deviation, it is recommended to run tests long enough so at
least thirty samples are obtained. This corresponds to a test duration of at least
150 seconds.

The line labeled ``Reply Time'' gives information on how long it took for the
server to respond and how long it took to receive the reply. In the example, it
took on average 2.4 milliseconds between sending the first byte of the request and
receiving the first byte of the reply. The time to ``transfer'', or read, the
reply was too short to be measured, so it shows up as zero. The is typical when
the entire reply fits into a single TCP segment.

The next line, labeled ``Reply size'' contains statistics on the average size of
the replies---all numbers are in reported bytes. Specifically, the line lists the
average length of reply headers, the content, and footers (HTTP/1.1 uses footers to
realize the ``chunked'' transfer encoding). For convenience, the average total
number of bytes in the replies is also given in parentheses. In the example, the
average header length (``header'') was 242 bytes, the average content length
(``content'') was 1010 bytes, and there were no footers (``footer'' length is
zero). The total reply length of 1252 bytes on average.

The final line in this section is a histogram of the major status codes received in
the replies from the server. The major status code is the ``hundreds''-digit of
the full HTTP status code. In the example, all 29,997 replies had a major status
code of 2. It's a good guess that all status codes were ``200 OK'' but the
information in the histogram is not detailed enough to allow distinguishing status
codes with the same major code.

Miscellaneous Section
This section starts with a summary of the CPU utilization on the client machine.
In the example, the line labeled ``CPU time'' shows that 94.31 seconds were spent
executing in user mode (``user''), 205.26 seconds were spent executing in system
mode (``system'') and that this corresponds to 31.4% user mode execution and 68.4%
system execution. The total utilization was 99.9%, which is expected given that
httperf is a CPU hog. A total CPU utilization of significantly less than 100% is a
sign that there were competing processes that interfered with the test.

The line labeled ``Net I/O'' gives the average network throughput in kilobytes per
second (where a kilobyte is 1024 bytes) and in megabits per second (where a megabit
is 10^6 bits). In the example, an average network usage of about 129.6 kilobytes
per second was sustained. The number in parentheses shows that this corresponds to
about 1.1 megabits per second. This network bandwidth is computed based on the
number of bytes sent and received on the TCP connections. In other words, it does
not account for the network headers or TCP retransmissions that may have occurred.

Errors Section
The last section contains statistics on the errors that were encountered during a
test. In the example, the two lines labeled ``Errors'' show that there were a
total of three errors and that all three errors were due to the server refusing to
accept a connection (``connrefused''). A description of each error counter
follows:

client-timo: The number of times a session, connection, or call failed due to a
client timeout (as specified by the --timeout and --think-timeout) options.

socket-timo: The number of times a TCP connection failed with a socket-level
timeout (ETIMEDOUT).

connrefused: The number of times a TCP connection attempt failed with a
``connection refused by server'' error (ECONNREFUSED).

connreset: The number of times a TCP connection failed due to a RESET from the
server. Typically, a RESET is received when the client attempts to send data to
the server at a time the server has already closed its end of the connection. NT
servers also send RESETs when attempting to establish a new connection when the
listen queue is full.

fd-unavail: The number of times the httperf process was out of file descriptors.
Whenever this count is non-zero, the test results are meaningless because the
client was overloaded (see section "CHOOSING TIMEOUT VALUES").

addrunavail: The number of times the client was out of TCP port numbers
(EADDRNOTAVAIL). This error should never occur. If it does, the results should be
discarded.

ftab-full: The number of times the system's file descriptor table is full. Again,
this error should never occur. If it does, the results should be discarded.

other: The number of times some other type of error occurred. Whenever this
counter is non-zero, it is necessary to track down the real cause of the error. To
assist in doing this, httperf prints the error code (errno) of the first unknown
errors that occurs during a test run.

When --wsess or --wsesslog is specified, httperf generates and measures sessions instead
of individual calls and additional statistics are printed at the end of a test. An
example output is shown below.

Session rate [sess/s]: min 0.00 avg 0.59 max 2.40 stddev 0.37 (240/450)
Session: avg 6.45 connections/session
Session lifetime [s]: 123.9
Session failtime [s]: 58.5
Session length histogram: 4 7 4 ... 3 3 240

The line labeled ``Session rate'' shows the minium, average, and maximum rate at which
sessions completed (based on a 5 second sampling interval). It also shows the standard
deviation of the session completion rate. The numbers in parentheses show how many
sessions succeeded and how many sessions were initiated. In the example above, the
minimum, average, and maximum session completion rates were 0.00, 0.59, and 2.40 sessions
per second, respectively. The standard deviation was 0.37 sessions per second and 240 out
of 450 sessions completed successfully (210 failed due to errors such as timeouts).

The next line, labeled ``Session:'' shows the average length of a session measured in
connections. In the example above, an average of 6.45 connections were required to
complete a session.

The line labeled ``Session lifetime'' gives the average time it took to complete a
successful session. In the example above, it took an average of 123.9 seconds.

The line labeled ``Session failtime'' gives the average time it took before an
unsuccessful session failed. In the example above, it took on average 58.5 seconds for a
session to fail.

Finally, the line labeled ``Session length histogram'' gives a histogram of the number of
replies received by each session. In the example above, 4 sessions ended after receiving
no reply at all, 7 ended after receiving one reply, and so on (the ellipsis indicates
additional histogram counts that were omitted from this manual for space reasons). Note
that this histogram does not distinguish between successful and failed sessions.

CHOOSING TIMEOUT VALUES

Since the machine that httperf runs on has only a finite set of resource available, it can
not sustain arbitrarily high HTTP loads. For example, one limiting factor is that there
are only roughly 60,000 TCP port numbers that can be in use at any given time. Since on
most UNIX systems it takes one minute for a TCP connection to be fully closed (leave the
TIME_WAIT state), the maximum rate a client can sustain is at most 1,000 requests per
second.

The actual sustainable rate is often much lower than that because before running out of
TCP ports, the machine is likely to run out of file descriptors (one file descriptor is
used up for each open TCP connection). By default, HP-UX 10.20 allows 1,024 open file
descriptors per process. This means that without extra precautions, httperf could
potentially very quickly use up all available file descriptors, at which point it could
not induce any additional load on the server. To avoid this problem, httperf provides
option --timeout to set a timeout for all communication with the server. If the server
does not respond before the timeout expires, the client considers the corresponding
session, connection, or call to be ``dead,'' closes the associated TCP connection, and
increases the ``client-timo'' error count. The only exception to this rule is that after
sending an entire request to the server, httperf allows the server to take some additional
time before it starts sending the reply. This is to accommodate HTTP requests that take a
long time to complete on the server. This additional time is called the ``server think
time'' and can be specified by option --think-timeout. By default, this additional think
time is zero seconds, so the server would always have to respond within the time alloted
by option --timeout.

Timeouts allow httperf to sustain high offered loads even when the server is overloaded.
For example, with a timeout of 2 seconds and assuming that 1,000 file-descriptors are
available, the offered load could be up to 500 requests per second (in practice, the
sustainable load is often somewhat smaller than the theoretical value). On the downside,
timeouts artificially truncate the connection lifetime distribution. Thus, it is
recommended to pick a timeout value that is as large as possible yet small enough to allow
sustaining the desired offered rate. A timeout as short as one second may be acceptable,
but larger timeouts (5-10 seconds) are preferable.

It is important to keep in mind that timeouts do not guarantee that a client can sustain a
particular offered load---there are many other potential resource bottlenecks. For
example, in some cases the client machine may simply run out of CPU time. To ensure that
a given test really measured the server's capabilities and not the client's, it is a good
idea to vary the number of machines participating in a test. If observed performance
remains the same as the number of client machines is varied, the test results are likely
to be valid.

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